• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2010

The aim of the present study was to develop polyclonal antibodies to regional inedible adipocytes of pigs and investigate the effect of these antibodies on adipocytes in vitro. As antigens, abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs from pigs were injected into sheep 3 times per 3 wk intervals for passive immunization, and non-immunized serum, antisera against abodominal (AAb) or subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs (SAb) were collected before and after the injections. Titers of the antisera obtained from sheep and their cross-reactivities with the heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and spleen of pig were determined by ELISA. Isolation and culture of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes from pigs were performed to analyze LDH concentration. At a 1:1,000 dilution, little antibody reactivity was observed for non-immunized serum whereas both AAb and SAb had relatively strong reactivity up to a dilution of 1:16,000. These findings may indicate that strong antibodies against adipocyte PMPs can be developed using an immunological approach. Extremely low reactivity of AAb and SAb was detected with the PMPs of the organs. Both antisera most strongly reacted with each adipocyte PMPs and showed statistically (p<0.05) higher cross-reactivities compared with the non-immunized serum. In conclusion, these results may indicate that the present polyclonal antibodies against regional inedible adipocyte PMPs are well developed and are safe against cross-reactivities with the organs of pigs. Further studies on the in vivo nutritional safety and fat reduction of these antibodies in pigs will be required fat-reduced high quality pork production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.796-804
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare and analyze the qualitative property of MLT (mulberry leaf tea) and FMLT (fermented mulberry leaf tea) based on the antioxidant, anticancer activities of various extracts. When the antioxidant activity of MLT and FMLT extracts was evaluated, the electron donating activity was found to increase proportionally as the concentration of each extract increased. In addition, the extract of FMLT showed a higher electron donating activity than that of MLT. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts showed the highest electron donating ability. When the SOD activity was evaluated, it was also found to increase proportionally with the concentration of each extract. Furthermore, the SOD activity of the ethanol extract group was the highest, whereas the SOD like activities of both MLT and FMLT were similar. When nitrite decomposition was evaluated for each pH, the highest value was observed at pH 1.2. Finally, the nitrite deleting ability was the highest for the ethanol extracts. When each extract of MLT and FMLT was analyzed in vitro for anticancer effects, they were found to decrease the number of cancer cells proportionally as the concentration of extract increased for both HeLa cells and MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, FMLT was found to exert a greater inhibition of cancer cells than MLT. Among the extract groups, the ethanol extract induced the greatest inhibition of the development of cancer cells, and these effects were greater against MCF-7 cells than HeLa cells.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.494-499
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• 2010

Pasteurization by radiation was performed to improve the microbiological quality of fresh yam juice. Samples were irradiated at doses of up to 5 kGy and microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory qualities were investigated during storage at 5oC for 8 days. Total aerobic bacterial, coliform bacterial, and yeast and mold counts in pre-irradiation samples were 7.09, 6.91, and 3.42 log CFU/g, respectively. Total aerobic bacterial and coliform counts fell significantly, in a dose-dependent manner, after irradiation, and these organisms were completely eliminated after 1 day of storage when 3 kGy or 5 kGy of radiation was applied. Yeast and molds were eliminated by irradiation at 3 kGy. Irradiation reduced sample viscosity. The $L^*$ value decreased after irradiation, whereas the $b^*$ value rose. Sensory evaluation testing revealed no significant difference between control samples and those irradiated with 1 kGy, except in color and texture, but sensory scores fell when irradiation of 3 kGy or over was employed, except in the taste domain. The results indicate that gamma irradiation with 1 kGy is effective to ensure the microbiological safety of fresh yam juice, without significant alteration in sensory characteristics, although further work should seek to reduce the detrimental effects of irradiation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.321-325
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• 2002

For examination, amaranth was first dried its surface after sufficient soaking in water. Dried amaranth was roasted when the moisture contents reached 30∼50%, its nasty smell disappeared and its color turned to yellow and it was puffed. Pretreated amaranth was added to biscuit for the improvement of apparence and merchandise value. The maximum expansion was reported at the moisture percentage of 130∼160% according to the examination of expansion and moisture percentage. In order to compare gelatinization of different processing, three different amaranth were prepared as follows ; Raw amaranth, steamed/dried amaranth, and roasted amaranth. The degree of gelatinization was increased as the percentage of moisture was increased and the degree of gelatinization of roasted amaranth was higher than the one of steamed/dried amaranth, their moisture contents were 62.10% and 57.59%, respectively In addition, the hardness($\times$10$\^$5/dyn/㎠) of roasted amaranth was showed lower values than that of steamed amaranth and raw amaranth were showed the large values. After examining biscuits containing each amaranth, raw amaranth had problem with nasty smell and bad texture, and streamed/dried amaranth were able to remove viscosity but turned brown. Biscuits containing roasted amaranth had good smell and texture, and besides the color of biscuits became bright because roasted amaranth turned white. Biscuits tasted best when it contained 5% of roasted amaranth. The rancidity of biscuits with 5% roasted amaranth were proceeded slowly while roasted amaranth itself had high acid value and peroxide value. For the safety from oxidation, it was fairly safe for about 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.529-532
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• 2000

To establish a food safety of dried layer, heat treatment effect on the bacterial density of dried layers was investigated. And a modified process developing experiment for dried layer products using closing type drying oven was carried out. tittle bacterial density difference on the dried layer products were found before and after heat treatment at $90^{\circ}C$ for 6 hrs called Hwaip treatment having been used for long term storage. Direct or indirect heat treatment of dried lavers using gas burner and frying pan reduced about 1 to 3 log cycle of viable cell count from $10^8\;CFU/g\;to\;10^5\;CFU/g$. Heat treatment by direct surface contact type cooking machine being used in the market place for cooked dried layer products could reduce the viable cell count on the layer product from $2.2{\times}10^5{\~}5.2{\times}10^7\;CFU/g\;to\;7.0{\times}10^2{\~}5.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$, Ultraviolet irradiation (20 W, 30 cm) to one or both side of the dried laver products reduced the viable cell count from $2.2{\times}10^6\;CFU/g\;to\;8.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g\;and\;2.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$, respectively. The viable cell count of the dried layer products produced by modified process using a closing type dryer was about $10^3\;CFU/g$ and lower 3 log cycle than that in the products collected in market place and made by open type dryer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.96-106
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of Terelj Mongolian National Park based on the impressions of foreign and domestic travelers, and subsequently suggest supporting ideas to make this tourist attraction more enjoyable for travelers. A statistical program(SPSS 20.0) and an IPA matrix method were used to reveal the impressions of travelers and the results showed the following ideas. First, we made the technical analyses to demonstrate the characteristics of the current natural scenery which travelers want to see and the results indicated that both Korean and Mongolian travelers overall were not satisfied and the Park was not as they had imagined. The second part of the research highlighted the differences between the impressions held by Mongolian and Korean travelers, which showed dissimilarities in cultural resources, food, variety of events, cultural functions and parking, all of which were shown as important criteria in sightseeing. The variations were found in scenes of nature, variety of programs, and food, areas which revealed and were very important in the overall satisfaction of travelers. Third, the IPA method was used for analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Terelj National Park. The Mongolian travelers nominated the width of the road, cleanliness, variety of events and parking are the most essential things to feel satisfied, but Koreans selected safety of travel, accommodation, the width of the road and cleanliness. Finally, we analyzed the feelings of the travelers at the end of their trip. The Mongolian travelers preferred the area resource and environment convenience to feel satisfaction. For Korean travelers, the area resource is the most important when choosing travelling sights. Based on these results, if we take responsibility to protect the beauty of nature, and create a sightseeing place using natural sources, while also making more comfortable accommodations and improving the services, it can be a more unique place than others and lead to greater overall satisfaction for travelers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2008

A total of one hundred and ninety five nutritionists selected based on population scale in high schools in Gyunggi Province were questioned about utilization of eggs in school meals. Almost half of those nutritionists have utilized eggs in school meals $3{\sim}5$ times per month. Most frequent cooking methods of eggs were boiled eggs. Eggs obtained from food distributors and egg distributors were 80.8% and 13.2%, respectively. Also, the nutritionists in middle population area prefer to purchase graded eggs. The most frequently occurring problems in cooking eggs were egg shell braking and related food safety. The present study revealed that egg is good for school meals, but various menus for easy cooking are yet to be developed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1383-1391
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• 2016

Anti-estrogen drugs such as tamoxifen have been used for treating patients with ER-positive, early breast cancer. However, resistance to anti-estrogen treatment is inevitable in most patients. Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance-3 (BCAR3) has been identified as the protein responsible for the induction of tamoxifen resistance in estrogen-dependent human breast cancer. We have previously reported that BCAR3 regulates the cell cycle progression and the signaling pathway of EGF and insulin leading to DNA synthesis. In this study, we investigated the functional role of BCAR3 in regulating c-Jun transcription in non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial MCF-12A cells. A transient transfection of BCAR3 increased both the mRNA and protein of c-Jun expression, and stable expression of BCAR3 increased c-Jun protein expression. The overexpression of BCAR3 directly activated the promoter of c-jun, AP-1, and SRE but not that of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Furthermore, single-cell microinjection of BCAR3 expression plasmid in the cell cycle-arrested MCF-12A cells induced c-Jun protein expression, and co-injection of dominant negative mutants of Ras, Rac, and Rho suppressed the transcriptional activity of c-Jun in the presence of BCAR3. Furthermore, stable expression of BCAR3 increased the proliferation of MCF-12A cells. The microinjection of inhibitory materials such as anti-BCAR3 antibody and siRNA BCAR3 inhibited EGF-induced c-Jun expression but did not affect IGF-1 induced upregulation of c-Jun. Taken together, we propose that BCAR3 plays a crucial role in c-Jun protein expression and cell proliferation and that small GTPases (e.g., Ras, Rac, and Rho) are required for the BCAR3-mediated activation of c-Jun expression.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.651-659
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• 2008

This study aimed to develop polyclonal antibodies to regional inedible adipocytes of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) and investigate cross-reactivity of the antibodies. Patterns in plasma membrane proteins (PMPs) from abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes of Hanwoo isolated by collagenase digestion were investigated using SDS-PAGE. As antigens, abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs of Hanwoo were injected to sheep 3 times at 3 wk intervals for passive immunization, and non-immunized serum and antisera were collected before and after the injections. Titers of the antisera obtained from sheep and their cross-reactivities with heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and spleen of Hanwoo were determined by ELISA. Isolation and culture of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes of Hanwoo were performed for analysing LDH concentration. Based on the SDS-PAGE analysis, specific proteins of PMPs in abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes appeared despite rather similar patterns between both adipocytes. At the level of 1:1,000 dilution, little antibody reactivity appeared in non-immunized serum whereas the antisera had relatively strong reactivity up to the level of 1:128,000 and 1:64,000 dilution. These findings may indicate that strong antibodies against adipocyte PMPs can be developed using an immunological approach. Extremely low reactivities of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte antisera were detected with PMPs of the organs. Both antisera strongly reacted with each adipocyte PMPs and showed statistically (p<0.01) higher cross-reactivities compared with non-immunized serum. In conclusion, these results may indicate that the present polyclonal antibodies against regional inedible adipocyte PMPs are well developed and have safety in cross-reactivities with body organs. Further studies on in vivo cross-reactivity and fat reduction of the antibodies against abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes PMPs of Hanwoo should be required for inedible fat-reduced high quality beef production.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the safety of Korean human milk. The microorganisms were identified from human milk of 149 healthy mothers by two collection methods, hand and pump expression. The means of total bacterial counts were 2.33x10$^4$ cfu/mL on the samples collected by the pump expression and 7.83xl0$^3$ cfu/mL on those collected by the hand expression. Therefore, the total bacterial counts of pump expression samples was 9.80xl0$^2$∼3.06x10$^4$ cfu/mL more than that of hand expression samples. The coliform counts of pump expression was 9.36xl0$^3$∼8.57xl0$^4$ cfu/mL more than that of hand expression. However, there was any significant differences of the lactic acid bacterial counts between the two samples collected by each methods. 100 strains of 5 patterns of total bacterial counts were isolated based on the morphology of colony in the standard plate count agar. 13 species were identified among the isolated strains. The dominant species in Korean human milk were Staphylococcus which 7 subspecies identified(81% in the rate of total bacteria, 1.07x10$^4$ cfu/mL). Other species identified were Micrococcus, Bacillus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Yersinia and Acinetobacter. 36 strains of 6 patterns of lactic acid bacterial counts were isolated based on morphology of colony in the BCP agar. 7 species were identified among the isolated strains. The dominant species of lactic acid bacteria in Korean human milk were Lactobacillus brevis(50.9% in the rate of lactic acid bacteria, 4.72xl0$^4$ cfu/mL). Others species identified(49.1% lactic acid bacteria) were Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Leuconostic lactis and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus.