• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2010

Recently, we found and analyzed vitamin $B_{12}$ in some Korean traditional plant foods which had not reported, yet. This study was to investigate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and its dietary sources and the vitamin $B_{12}$ status in the very old elderly Koreans. We measured serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level and estimated the amounts of vitamin $B_{12}$ intake from different dietary sources in female elderly Koreans aged 85 and over who had consumed a relatively low animal traditional diet for the whole life. The average age of the subjects (n = 127) was 98.0 years (85-108 years). The assessment on energy and nutrient intake involved a one-day 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Overall diet pattern was not different between the 85-99 yr-old group and centenarians, except centenarians were taking more dairy product. The average ratio of plant food to animal food consumption was 87.5:12.5 in weight. The average vitamin $B_{12}$ intake of our subjects was 3.2 ${\mu}g$, and 52.7% of subjects consumed under estimated average requirement, 2.0 ${\mu}g$/day. On dietary source, 67.3% of dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ was from meat, eggs and fishes and 30.6% was from plant foods, such as soybean-fermented foods, seaweeds, and kimchi. The average serum vitamin $B_{12}$ concentration was 450.5 pg/mL, and low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (< 200 pg/mL) was found in 9.6% of subjects. Dietary vitamin $B_{12}$ intake was significantly lower in subjects with low serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (0.79 ${\mu}g$/day) than those with normal serum vitamin $B_{12}$ (3.47 ${\mu}g$/day). There were no significant difference in vitamin $B_{12}$ intake and its dietary sources and serum vitamin $B_{12}$ level between the 85-99 yr- old group and centenarians. In conclusion, several plant-origin foods including seaweed, soybean-fermented foods, and kimchi, may contribute significantly to good vitamin $B_{12}$ status in very old elderly Koreans.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1121-1126
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• 2000

Daily variation in the serum concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I and in the plasma concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were evaluated in ewes fed 30%, 100% and 200% of theoretical maintenance energy requirements. The single daily meal has had significant effects (p<0.05) on almost all profiles. In general, serum or plasma hormone concentrations have increased after the meal, in particular at the two higher levels of energy intake. In the group submitted to the lowest level of energy intake, the consequences of the meal on circulating levels were almost imperceptible. The effects of feeding levels on serum or plasma concentrations have widely varied among hormones, not showing any objective pattern or relationship. Because these variations may affect the interpretation of these blood indicators, knowledge of daily profiles and of the effect of feed level must be considered. In order to maximize the diagnostic value of those indicators, the most suitable times for blood collection seem to be 16 h after the meal and (or) just before the meal. The collection 16 h after the meal apparently allows the characterization of a relatively steady metabolic state, intermediate between the close effects of food intake and the final phase of the intensification of body reserves mobilization. The collection just before the meal will give a good indication of the level of activity of those mobilization mechanisms.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2005

본 연구는 춘천지역에 살고 있는 고등학생들의 식품 섭취와 식사의 질을 평가하기 위하여 318명의 조사대상자들에게 24시간 회상법을 이용하여 식이조사를 하였다. 총 식품섭취량 중에서 식물성 식품의 섭취비율은 $71.4\%$이고 나머지는 동물성 식품으로 섭취하였다. 식사의 질은 식품군 섭취유형과 주요식품군 점수(DDS) 및 총 식품점수(DVS)에 의해 평가하였다. 주요식품군 섭취 평가에서 전체 조사대상자 중 DDS가 3인 경우의 비율은 $37.1\%$이고 4일 때는 $48.4\%$로 나타났다. 5가지 주요식품군을 모두 섭취한 경우는 $14.5\%$에 불과하였다. 또한 하루에 섭취하는 평균 식품가짓수는 26.7가지인데 남학생은 27.3가지, 여학생은 25.8가지로 남학생의 비율이 유의하게 높았다. 영양소 적정섭취비와 총 식품점수와의 상관관계에서는 비타민 $B_2$의 0.39에서부터 인의 0.61까지 범위의 상관계수를 보였다. 또한 영양소 적정섭취비도 섭취 식품수나 주요식품군 섭취가 증가함에 따라 유의하게(p<0.001) 증가하였으며, NAR과 DDS의 관계에서보다 NAR과 DVS와의 관계에서 더 높은 양의 상관관계를 보였다. DDS와 DVS를 이용하여 대상자들의 식사의 질을 평가하였을 때 많은 학생들은 바람직한 식품 섭취를 하지 못했음을 알 수 있었다. 그러므로 영양적으로 균형있는 식사를 하기 위해서는 주요식품군을 모두 섭취하고 섭취식품 가짓수가 많은 식생활을 하도록 학생과 학부모를 대상으로 바람직한 식생활을 위한 영양교육 및 식사지침 제시가 절실히 필요할 것으로 생각된다..0종으로 감소되었다. 우점잡초의 변동은 무비구에서 명아주, 바랭이, 여뀌순위였고, 지렁이분 150kg\10a 시비구에서는 쇠비름, 바랭이, 여뀌 순위로, 450kg/10a 시비에서는 여뀌, 새포아풀, 바랭이 순위로, 600kg/10a 시비구에서는 여뀌, 바랭이, 쇠비름 순위였다. 이상의 시험결과를 보아 제주지역에서 Creeping bentgrass의 점유율과 밀도를 최대로 증대시킬 수 있는 지렁이분 적정시비량은 10a당 $450\~600kg$으로 추정할 수 있다.든 영역의 실생활 활용도가 낮게 나타났다.용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.100kg/ha와 화학비료 100kg/ha 혼합하거나 톱밥발효돈분만 N 400kg/ha 까지가 적정 수준이다.EX>$b^{\ast}(\pm,\;yellowness/blueness)$ 값은 반응기질보다 유의적으로 가장 높은 55.1을 나타내었다(p<0.05).준에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 허리와 엉덩이 둘레는 남자는 $86.3\pm19.9cm$와 $90.0\pm90.8cm$, 여자는 $84.2\pm12.4cm$와 $96.8\pm6.72cm$로 남녀간에 유의한 차이는 없었으나 WHR이 여자의 경우 0.8이상이 되어서 심혈관계 질환의 위험 범위에 속하는 수준이었다. 삼두근의 두겹 두께는 남녀 각각 $20.2\pm8.58cm,\;22.2\pm4.40mm$으로 남녀간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 조사대상자의 식습관 상태는 전체 대상자의 $84.4\%$가 대부분이 하루 세끼 식사를 규칙적으로 하고 있었으며 식사속도는

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.342-358
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of food preference and nutrient intake of students between elementary school and middle school in the same area and to provide data for better school food service. The subjects were 486 students, third to sixth grade of 3 elementary schools and first to second grade of 1 middle school in Nam jeju gun, Jeju, and the survey was conducted during June 1999. Food preference was assessed using questionnaires and 24-hour food intake was assessed using dietary record method. Data of weight and height were obtained from annual physical examination conducted at schools in May 1999. All the variables were compared among 3 groups in each gender: third and fourth grade elementary school(ES3,4), fifth and sixth grade elementary school(ES5,6), and first and second grade middle school(MS1,2). The results were summarized as follows. The average height, weight and BMI for the 3th grade boys in elementary schools met the national averages, but those of the others are below the national averages. Although general pattern of food preference looked similar among groups, food preference scores were significantly different among groups in 38 kinds foods for boys, and 27 kinds of foods for girls. MS1,2 group showed significantly lower food preference scores for most of foods as compared to those of ES3,4 and ES5,6 in both genders. Students of higher grade took more starch foods such as instant noodle, stewed rice cake and snacks. Average energy intakes of all the groups except MS1,2 girls were lower than recommended dietary allowances(RDA), and average intakes of protein, vitamins B1 and C met RDA, but the other nutrients were taken less than RDA and especially the intakes of iron, calcium and vitamins B2 were poor. Most of nutrients taken by school food service meal provided a major proportion of intakes. In conclusion, students of middle school were more particular about their foods served at school food service and marked lower food preference score than elementary school children and more conscious about their weight and appearance. These points should be reflected in planning food service menu at middle school.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.301-312
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• 1982

섭취한 식품이나 에너지를 체내에 보유하는데에 효율적인 것으로 알려진 meal feeding급식형태를 이용하여 단백질의 종류와 수준을 달리했을 때 쥐의 성장, 단백질 및 에너지 대사, 체조성에 미치는 영향을 파악코저 하였다. Casein과 ISP를 10, 20 및 30% 수준으로 달리하고 에너지수준을 3600 kcal ME/kg으로 동일하게구성된 실험사료를 82-100 g되는 숫쥐에게 ad libitum feeding및 1 일 2회 2시간씩 meal feeding으로 4주간의 성장시험과 대사시험을 실시하였던 바 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Meal fed 시켰을때 사료섭취량은 ad libitum보다 $66{\sim}86%$로 저하되었으며, 증체량 역시 저하되었다. 그러나 casein 20%와 30% 수준에서는 ad libitum 사료섭취량의 85%에 불과했으나 동일한 증체량을 보였다. 2) 사료효율 및 에너지효율은 급식형태에 의한 통계적 유의차를 인정할 수 없었으며, 특히 casein 20%와 30% 수준에서는 사료및 에너지효율이 ad libitum 보다 me fed시켰을 때에 더 높았다. 3) 총에너지 섭취량, 가소화에너지 및 대사에너지는 ad libitum보다 meal fed시켰을 때에 약간 감소되는 경향이었고 에너지의 소화율이나 이용율은 동일했다. 4) 질소섭취량은 ad libitum보다 meal fed시켰을 때에 통계적으로 유의성 (P<0.05) 있게 적었음에도 불구하고, 질소균형과 질소보유율의 차이에는 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 질소균형 및 보유율은 단백질 10% 수준에서는 ad libitum에서 더 높은 경향이었으나 20%와 30% 수준에서는 오히려 meal fed 시켰을때에 더 높은 경향이었다. 5 ) 7주간의 시험완료 후 도체분석에 의한 체조성은 급식형태에 의한 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 체지방량과 체수분량과는 음의 상관관계 (r = -0 .77)를 보였다. 이상의 결과에 의하면, casein의 경우, 20 % 와 30 % 수준에서 meal feeding에 의한 효과를 확인하였으며 이는 증체의 효과, 사료및 에너지의 이용을 증진의 효과, 질소보유율 증가의 효과, 체지방 축적의 경향을 보였다. 이 같은 경향은 casein군이 ISP군보다 더 효과적이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.892-900
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the clinical characteristics of 78 diabetics by body fat distribution pattern. It was based on the survey of nutritional status, anthropometric measurements and serum components of the patients. The results were as follows: the average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1, and that of female subjects was 58.9, respectively. The average diabetic durations of male and female subjects were 4.8 and 5.9 years, respectively. In male, the ratio of upper body obese subject was 62.5% and the lower body obese subjects was 37.5%, while those of female were 69.4% and 30.6%, respectively. In nutrient intake state, there was no significant difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was difference between male and female subjects, but calory intake of upper body obese subjects was tend to be higher in both male and female subjects. among the three major nutrients/calory ratio, protein/calory ratio was significantly lower in the male upper body obese subjects than in the male lower body obese subjects. Since weight, circumference of arm and waist, waist hip ratio(WHR) of both male and female subjects, body muscle mass(BMM) of male subjects and body mass index (BMI) of female subjects were significantly higher in upper body obese group, upper body obese subjects represented ore fat than lower body obese subjects. In male subjects, hemoglobin(Hb), A/G of upper body obese subjects were lower than the standard value, but there was no significant difference in the serum components between two subjects. In female subjects, Hb and A/G of lower body obese subjects were lower than those of the normal subjects, but Hb and Ht of upper body obese subjects were significantly higher than those of the lower body obese subjects.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.583-591
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the diet diversity, food habit and nutrient intake of obese adults who were visiting the health promotion center. This study was accomplished with the 138 obese adults (men = 103, women= 35) aged over 20 years old whose BMI were above $25 kg/m^2$. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score DVS), and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) by using the data from the three days record were analyzed and the food habit and lifestyle were assessed by self reporting questionnaire. The average enemy intake of men was 2150.2 kcal which was significantly higher than that of women (p < 0.05). The intake ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat over total energy was 54.8% : 19.3% : 25.8% in men, 59.5% : 17.8% : 22.6% in women respectively. Frequency of the breakfast in a week above 4, $2{\sim}3$ time and under one time was 75.7% 10.7% and 9.7% in men 77.1%, 5.7% and 14.3% in women respectively. frequency of eating between meals in a day under one time was 73.8% in men, 57.1% in women (p < 0.05). The average DDS and DVS was $3.63{\pm}0.07$ and $14.10 {\pm}3.45$, respectively which was significantly correlated with MAR (r=0.40 in DDS, r=0.64 in DVS, p < 0.01). The most frequent style of food pattern was DMGFV = 01101 in 35% of men, and DMGFV= 01111 in 37.1% of women. Our results show that dietary diversity and variety are useful parameters far evaluating nutrient intakes in obese adults. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on obese persons' eating behavior and eating diversity may be required to increase educational efficiency of weight control programs.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2011

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged $29.2{\pm}3.4$ years and their infants aged $8.2{\pm}3.2$ months. Body mass index of the subjects was $21.0{\pm}3.2$. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was $1953{\pm}391$ kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was $0.77{\pm}0.14$ and was higher in FF ($0.86{\pm}0.13$) than in BF ($0.76{\pm}0.11$) and MF ($0.72{\pm}0.18$). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (${\geq}$ 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.307-318
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Relocation to new environments can have a negative impact on health by altering body weight and dietary patterns. This study attempted to elucidate changes in body weight, food security, and their current food and nutrient consumption in adult North Korean refugees (NKR) living in South Korea (SK). SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study analyzed data on 149 adult NKR from a North Korean refugee health in SK cohort at four time points (leaving North Korea, entering SK, first examination, and second examination). Body weight was self-reported at the two earlier time points and directly measured at the two later time points. Food security, diet-related behaviors (dietary habits and food consumption), and sociodemographic information were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Nutrient intake information was obtained by one-day 24-hour recall. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS ver 23.0. RESULTS: Body weight increased during relocation by an average of 4 kg, although diversified patterns were observed during the settlement period in SK. Approximately 39.6% of subjects maintained their body weight between the first and second examinations, whereas 38.6% gained and 22.1% lost at least 3% of their body weight at the first examination by the second examination. Food security status improved from 12.1% food secure proportion to 61.7%. NKR showed generally good food and nutrient consumption (index of nutrient quality: 0.77-1.93). The body weight loss group showed the most irregular meal consumption pattern (P < 0.05), and eating-out was infrequent in all three groups. Consumption frequencies of food groups did not differ by group, except in the fish group (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION: This study observed considerable body weight adjustment during the settlement period in SK after initial weight gain, whereas food security consistently improved. More detailed understanding of this process is needed to assist healthy settlement for NKR in SK.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

Elevated serum concentration of inflammation markers is known as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary intake is an important factor to control MS. The purpose of this study was to investigated the hypothesis that inflammatory indices are associated with dietary intake and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) in subjects with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men and 73 postmenopausal women with MS, defined by three or more risk factors of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin were examined and nutrients intake and DQI-I were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The total DQI-I score was significantly higher in female subjects ($65.87{\pm}9.86$) than in male subjects ($62.60{\pm}8.95$). There was a positive association between hs-CRP and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05) and a negative association between adiponectin and lipid (p < 0.05), total sugar (p < 0.01), and total fatty acids (p < 0.05). When the subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin and hs-CRP level, there was no association between DQI-I score and hs-CRP levels. Moderation score of DQI-I was significantly higher in highest quintile group than the lower quintile groups. Therefore, our results provide some evidence that dietary intake and diet quality are associated with inflammation markers and dietary modification might be a predictor to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome complications. However further research is needed to develop the dietary quality index reflecting the inflammatory change by considering the dietary habit and pattern of Koreans.