• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.202-206
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• 1997

To develop mil fat fractions with desirable physico-chemical properties, anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was fractionated by one- and two-stage extractions using supercritical $CO_2$(SC-$CO_2$). Tow-stage extraction of AMF was performed by first producing tow fractions, an extract and a residue at 4$0^{\circ}C$/241bar, which were subsequently used as the feed for an extraction at 6$0^{\circ}C$/241bar and 4$0^{\circ}C$/345bar, and separated into five and four fractions, respectively, based one extraction time. These fractions were quantified and analyzed for fatty acids and physico-chemical properties. SHort-chain (C4~C8) fatty acids in extract fractions from an extract were 200~150% compared with those of the original AF. Long-chain (C14~C18) fatty acids in extract fractions from a residue were 118~141%. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in the residue fraction was 131%. Melting point ranged from 22 to 43$^{\circ}C$, iodine value 21.8 to 36.9, and saponification value 255 to 221 in the extract and residue fractions. SC-$CO_2$ fractionation of AMF by two-stage extraction offers the possibility of developing ractions with discrete fatty acid compositions and physico-chemical properties such as melting point, iodine value and saponification value.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.201-215
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• 1999

Limited information is available on the acceptability of Korean MRLs(maximum residue limits) and the health risk based on the pesticide exposure by food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate TMDI(theoretical maximum daily intake) and EDI(estimated daily intake) for Korean by using MRLs, food intake, residue data, and correction factors, and compare with ADI(acceptable daily intake) in order to estimate the health risk based on the pesticide exposure. The study was performed in three steps. In the frist step, the residual pesticides in each category of food were investigated using the pesticide residue analytical data(1995-96) from officially approved organizations and the analytical data for poultry was adopted from Korean food code method. In the second step, TMDI was estimated from MRLs and food factors, and was compared with ADI. In the third step, the effectiveness of each culinary treatment (washing, peeling, steaming, boiling, and salting) was evaluated and EDI was calculated using pesticide residue data, food factor, and correction factor by treatment. TMDI obtained from MRLs and food intake, and food intake was summed as 1,100.99 g, which was 79.1% of total consumption. The percent ratio of TMDI to ADI for 156 pesticides was mostly below 80% and only 30 pesticides exceeded the ADI. In particular, non-treated EDI from pesticide residue data and food intake was summed up to about 43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/capita, and the rank was procymidone(8.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > maleic hydrazide(8.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > EPN(3.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > deltamethrin(3.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > cypermethrin(3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$). The treated EDI calculated from pesticide residue data, food intake, and correction factor by culinary treatment was summed up to 13.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/captia. The percentage of ADI was TMDI(79.74%) > non-treated EDI (0.17%) > treated EDI (0.04%), and the exposure level of Korean population to whole pesticides was below the level to produce health risk. Oncogenic risk of five pesticides used in Korea whose oncogenic potency(Q*) was known were assessed from TMDI and treated EDI. Dietary oncogenic risk for Korean was estimated to be 2.0$\times$10-3 on the basis of TMDI, 8.3$\times$10-7 on the basis of treated EDI. The oncogenic risk from TMDI exceeded the risk level(1$\times$10-6) of EPA, whereas the oncogenic risk from treated EDI and real exposure level lower than that of EPA.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 1999

Growth and bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus sp. GM7311 in tofu residue treated with two commercial amylases were investigated. The optimal condition of amylase Ⅰ(liquefied enzyme for sauce) and Ⅱ(multienzyme 2,000) for the enzyme reaction was showed at pH 6.0 and 4.0, respectively. The optimal temperature was 40oC both. At the enzyme dosage 4% and 3% and reaction time 1hr, about 2% of reduced sugar needed bacteriocin production was obtained. The enzymatic treatment of tofu residue enhanced bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria, particularly in the tofu residues added 2.0% yeast extract. But, we couldn't see the increment of bacteriocin activity in the tofu residues added other nitrogen sources such as proteose peptone No. 3 and lab lemco powder. Also, in the comparision of amylase I and Ⅱ, bacteriocin activity in the tofu residue treated with amylase Ⅰ was better than that of amylase Ⅱ.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.468-473
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• 2006

This study was conducted to develop pigment of flowers as a food material and the red rose(Rosa hybrida L.) was used for this study. To check the possibility of using the rose pigment as a food additive we have extracted the pigment from rose and examined all the factors (pH, temperature, free sugars, organic acids, metal ions) for stability. The results obtained are as follows: In examining the stability of the pigment, the residue of the pigment noticeably decreased with the increase of the pH and the temperature, and among free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose) the addition of fructose made the residue the lowest. With the addition of organic acids the samples exhibited the hyperchromic effect throughout the period of the storage. The pigment residue decreased when the amount of the metal ions increased and especially the Cu$^{2+}$ ion was most destructive.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.90-93
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• 1993

Increasing Public Concern : Pesticide residue is probably one of the fastest growing problems in regard to environmental contamination. Pesticide use in agriculture in this century has produced certain benefits, including a decrease in crop waste and an increase in crop yields and food quality. However, pesticide use also creates problems of having effects on the environment and remaining in food chain. The presence of pesticide residue in food, water, and soil has aroused public concern over potential health hazards. Despite information provided by national and private level agencies suggesting that food is safe, consumer groups worldwide are demanding assurance as to the safely of agricultural products.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2009

This research expands investigations into the biomass resource potential associated with California's food processing industry by surveying industries within a two county region in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. A previous survey conducted in 2005 for the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) quantified residue and waste generation from food processors and food preparation businesses in the Sacramento region. The present survey investigates residue and waste streams from food processors located in Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Sixty food processors were identified to participate in the survey, of which 49 responded (82%) and data were acquired for 38 (63%) (6 facilities closed or moved, 8 decided not to participate). Within the two counties, total annual waste among survey respondents amounted to 24,044 dry tons of high moisture (${\geq}$60%) food residuals, 5,358 dry tons of low moisture (<60%) food residuals; and 23.7 million $m^3$ of wastewater containing 38,814 tons of biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$). The total potential electric power generation from these food residues was estimated at approximately $7\;MW_e$. Total solid waste resource included in the survey response was estimated at about 10% of statewide residue generation for processors falling within the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System Major Group 20 (Food and Kindred Products) categories.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.694-704
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• 2020

HslUV is a bacterial heat shock protein complex consisting of the AAA+ ATPase component HslU and the protease component HslV. HslV is a threonine (Thr) protease employing the N-terminal Thr residue in the mature protein as the catalytic residue. To date, HslUV from Gram-negative bacteria has been extensively studied. However, the mechanisms of action and activation of HslUV from Gram-positive bacteria, which have an additional N-terminal sequence before the catalytic Thr residue, remain to be revealed. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of HslV from the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus with and without HslU in the crystallization conditions. The structural comparison suggested that a structural transition to the symmetric form of HslV was triggered by ATP-bound HslU. More importantly, the additional N-terminal sequence was cleaved in the presence of HslU and ATP, exposing the Thr9 residue at the N-terminus and activating the ATP-dependent protease activity. Further biochemical studies demonstrated that the exposed N-terminal Thr residue is critical for catalysis with binding to the symmetric HslU hexamer. Since eukaryotic proteasomes have a similar additional N-terminal sequence, our results will improve our understanding of the common molecular mechanisms for the activation of proteasomes.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.106-117
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• 2010

2009년 1월부터 12월까지 서울 강북지역에서 유통되고 있는 농산물 109종 3,988건을 대상으로 272종 농약의 잔류량을 분석하였다. 1. 2009년 서울 강북지역에서 유통 중인 3,988건의 농산물을 대상으로 잔류농약 272종에 대한 잔류 실태를 조사한 결과 총 3,988건 중 1,021건에서 농약이 검출되어 25.6%의 검출률을 나타냈으며, 이 중 잔류허용기준을 초과하여 부적합 농산물로 판정된 시료는 89건으로 부적합률은 2.2% 였다. 2. 분석대상 농약 272종 중에서 검출된 농약 성분은 77종으로 프로시미돈 211회, 엔도설판 195회, 클로르훼나피르 122회, 싸이퍼메쓰린 116회, 비펜스린 60회 등의 순으로 나타났다. 이 중 부적합이 발생된 농약은 30종이며 엔도설판 19회, 프로시미돈 12회, 톨크로포스-메칠 10회, 이프로디온 5회, 플로토라닐 4회 등의 순으로 나타났다. 3. 검출농약 77종 중 내분비계 장애 추정농약에 해당되는 농약은 메소밀, 빈클롤졸린, 싸이퍼메쓰린, 엔도설판, 이프로디온, 카벤다짐, 클로로타로닐, 클로르피리포스, 트리풀루라린, 펜디메타린, 펜발러레이트, 프로시미돈, 헥사코나졸의 13종이었고, 이들의 검출 횟수는 688회였다. 검출된 농약 13종 중 8종이 잔류허용기준을 초과하엿다. 4. 검출된 월별 농약 검출률을 살펴 보면, 10.0%의 검출율을 넘는 달은 2월, 3월, 4월, 7월 이었으며, 3월과 7월이 가장 높은 검출률을 나타내었다. 2월, 3월, 4월에 부적합률이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2010

This study investigated the inhibitory effects of sea mustard on high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) powder, sea mustard ethanol extract, and sea mustard ethanol-extracted residue were tested. The ethanol extracted residue had the most beneficial anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Alginate in the sea mustard was considered to be the key component. The ethanol-extracted residue of sea mustard also had antioxidant activity, which may be effective in preventing hyperlipidemia by increasing the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, which can remove active oxygen from the bloodstream.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.134-138
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• 1999

The effects of dietary Coix(lacryma-jobi) water extract on the antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Forty-five rats were fed for 3 weeks with either control diet or experimental diets that contain either Coix water extract or Coix water residue. Twenty percent of the carbohydrate was replaced with Coix water residue by dry weight in the water residue diet, while distilled water was replaced by Coix water extract to make a pellet-form diet in the Coix water extract diet. The levels of glutathione, glutathione-peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities in liver and kidney were measured . It has been found that glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase enzyme activities from activities from liver and kidneyof the rats were enhanced in the group fed with Coix water extract.