• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.54-66
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake status and factors affecting the consumption of commercial staple food for Korean adults using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2010 to 2014. As a result of analyzing the frequency of consumption of commercial staple food, in 27.578 subjects, 75.5% of them did not eat it once a day, 21.7% of the subjects consumed once a day, and more than two times showed 2.8%. According to the results of age, the higher the age, the higher the rate of not consuming commercial staple food, and the lower the age, the higher the rate of consumption of commercial staple food(p<0.0001). In addition, the rate of consumption of commercial staple food was higher in cities than in rural areas. The higher the education level, the higher the proportion of commercial staple food. The intake of rice, noodles, and bread increased significantly as the frequency of consumption of commercial staple foods increased. Protein, fat, riboflavin, and niacin showed significant differences with increasing frequency of commercial staple food in nutrient intakes(p<0.0001). As the number of commercial staple food increased, the intake of grains, egg products, milk and dairy products, beverages and other food groups increased and the consumption of vegetables decreased significantly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.77-86
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• 2015

The agricultural water management generally has focused on water resources for crop production but it could be affected by the food consumption pattern. The aim of this study is to estimate virtual water consumption for food consumption and calorie supply using the water footprint and virtual water concept. In addition, we estimated the virtual water requirements for increasing the food and calorie self-sufficiency adjusted by the government for food security. About $330.0m^3/cap/yr$ of virtual water was consumed for the main foods consumption in 1985, and it was increased to $450.0m^3/cap/yr$ in 2010. The rate of virtual water consumption by meats consumption was 28 % in 1985 but it was increased to 54 % in 2010. In other words, the total virtual water consumption by foods consumption was increased from 1985 to 2010 with the high rate of meats consumption. The average $1.29m^3$ of virtual water was consumed for supplying 1 calorie per capita in 2010 but about $10.1m^3/cal$ of virtual water was consumed by only bovine meats consumption. The food self-sufficiency is the main factor for food security in Korea. About $46.5Mm^3$ and $393.9Mm^3$ of virtual water were required in order to increase the food and calorie self-sufficiency of wheat by 1 % individually. This study showed the water consumption was related to food consumption and calorie supply pattern, and these results could be used as the indices for the agricultural water management considering the change of eating habit and food security.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.194-202
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• 2015

The study examined dietary intake, satiety rate, and eating rate using rice bowls with an elevated bottom (diet rice bowl) and rice bowls with an elevated bottom and monitoring line (monitoring rice bowl). The monitoring rice bowl was used to help subjects monitor amounts they had eaten as they ate. Eighteen normal weight college female students participated in this study once a week for 2 weeks. Three hundred grams of fried rice in a diet rice bowl (1st week), and 300 g of fried rice in a monitoring rice bowl were served to the participants over 2 consecutive weeks. After each lunch, dietary intake, satiety rate, and eating rate were measured. The consumption amount of fried rice was 261.6 g in the diet rice bowl group, and 264.8 g in the monitoring rice bowl group. There was no significant difference in fried rice intake between the two groups. The satiety rate of fried rice in the monitoring rice bowl group was significantly higher than that of the diet rice bowl group after 1 hour and 2 hours (P<0.05). The eating rate of the diet rice bowl group (21.3 g/min) was significantly faster than that of the monitoring rice bowl group (18.7 g/min) (P<0.05). This result shows that food consumption monitoring can affect not only eating rate but also the subjective feelings of satiety after meal eating. Although more study is needed, these data suggest consumption monitoring in a rice bowl may help to control obesity and weight.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is setting proper portion by consumed size of food and food preference and then reducing plate wasts in school lunch. The survey was conducted from Oct. 21 to Nov. 22, 1996 through the practical measurement and questionnaires. The subjects were 43 students of 1 elementary school. The results of this survey was as follows : 1. Average consumption size of cooked rice was 115g. Average consumption size of one course dishes was 209g. The soup & pot stewes showed lower consumption rate than the other kind of foods. Average consumption size of fresh & boiled salad was 23.4g Average consumption size of stir fries was 55g. Average consumption size of steams & stewes was 42g. Most grill & fried foods showed high consumption rate compared to most of the other foods. Average consumption size of kimchies was 10.6g. The most of given desserts except apple were all consumed. 2. There was significant correlation between food preference and consumption rate for total food items. 3. Response of satisfaction about serving size of most of given foods except fresh & boiled salads, soup & pot stewes and kimchies were "moderate". 4. Visual estimation was greater than physical estimation for most of given foods. Proper portion of foods per person by results were setted as follows :

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2022

The concern about food security is rising as the unstable situation of food supply and demand due to the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change, and turbulent political situation. Korea's global food security index (GFSI), analyzed by the Economist Group, is considered good, but the level continuously decreases in comparing food security levels by country. In particular, Korea is highly dependent on food imports, and food and grain self-sufficiency rates continuously decrease. Therefore, increasing those rates to strengthen food security is urgent. Among the major grains, the self-sufficiency of wheat, com, and soybeans, except rice, is relatively low. Unlike the decrease in the annual rice consumption, the annual wheat consumption has been continuously maintained or increased, which is required public-private efforts to increase the self-sufficiency rate of wheat. Applying the government's policies implemented to increase the self-sufficiency rate of rice in the past will help increase the self-sufficiency rate of wheat. In other words, expanding wheat production and infrastructure, stabilizing supply and demand, and establishing a distribution system can be applied. However, the processing capability of wheat and rice is different, which is necessary to improve wheat quality and processing technology to produce consumer-preferred wheat-based products. The wheat and flour quality can be improved through breeding, cultivation, post-harvest management, and milling. In addition, research on formulation, processes, packaging, and storage to improve the quality of wheat-based products should be done continuously. Overall, food security could be strengthened by expanding wheat production and consumption, improving wheat quality, and increasing wheat self-sufficiency.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.415-427
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• 2021

Wetland ecosystems act as natural freshwater purification systems, but their rich biodiversity is being threatened with the introduction of the non-native freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata. This study was conducted to measure the herbivory effects and growth rate of P. canaliculata on common macrophytes: Ipomoea aquatica, Ipomoea batatas, Pandanus amaryllifolius and Cucurma longa. In separate experiments, the macrophyte species were served as the snails' food as individual species and simultaneously. In the individual treatment, the growth pattern and rate were based on the snails' weight (mg/snail/day; n = 9) while the individual feeding consumption (mg/snail/day) was calculated from the leftover food. In the simultaneous treatment, the herbivory effects were evaluated as the feeding preference (%) from observations every two hours, while the total feeding consumption (mg) was calculated based on the food remaining after a 12-hour experiment (3 replicates: total n = 27). The results indicated that the growth pattern was significant for snails grazing on I. aquatica but not when other macrophyte species were eaten. The individual feeding consumption was higher when using I. aquatica than P. amaryllifolius but the growth rate for snails grazing on I. aquatica and P. amaryllifolius did not differ significantly. Meanwhile, the consumption of C. longa deterred the snails' growth rate. Although the snails consumed all the macrophytes in the individual experiment, when given the species simultaneously, the feeding preference and total feeding consumption were directed significantly more toward I. aquatica than P. amaryfollius and C. longa. We conclude that P. canaliculata is a generalist feeder given a limited choice of food but tends to show a strong feeding preference after being introduced to more food choices. These findings indicate that the introduction of P. canaliculata into wetland ecosystems may increase the herbivory effects on macrophytes, making these ecosystems vulnerable to the impact of eutrophication and biodiversity reduction.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.530-536
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The concept of "food deserts" has been widely used in Western countries as a framework to identify areas with constrained access to fresh and nutritious foods, providing guidelines for targeted nutrition and public health programs. Unlike the vast amount of literature on food deserts in a Western context, only a few studies have addressed the concept in an East Asian context, and none of them have investigated spatial patterns of unhealthy food consumption from a South Korean perspective. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We first evaluated the applicability of food deserts in a Korean setting and identified four Korean-specific unhealthy food consumption indicators, including insufficient food consumption due to financial difficulty, limited consumption of fruits and vegetables, excessive consumption of junk food, and excessive consumption of instant noodles. The KNHANES 2008-2012 data in Seoul were analyzed with stratified sampling weights to understand the trends and basic characteristics of these eating patterns in each category. GIS analyses were then conducted for the data spatially aggregated at the sub-district level in order to create maps identifying areas of concern regarding each of these indicators and their combinations. RESULTS: Despite significant reduction in the rate of food insufficiency due to financial difficulty, the rates of excessive consumption of unhealthy foods (junk food and instant noodles) as well as limited consumption of fruits and vegetables have increased or remained high. These patterns tend to be found among relatively younger and more educated groups, regardless of income status. CONCLUSIONS: A GIS-based analysis demonstrated several hotspots as potential "food deserts" tailored to the Korean context based on the observed spatial patterns of undesirable food consumption. These findings could be used as a guide to prioritize areas for targeted intervention programs to facilitate healthy food consumption behaviors and thus improve nutrition and food-related health outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2013

In this study, we examined chewing frequency, eating rates, and food consumption volume according to the body mass index of male and female college students. Twenty-five male college students were divided into a normal weight male group (<23 body mass index, n=14) and an obese male group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=11). Twenty-five female college students were divided into a normal weight female group (<23 body mass index, n=21) and an obese female group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=4). Subjects were provided with abundant fried rice and allowed to consume it at their own pace. Chewing frequency, total mealtime, rate of eating, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite were measured. There were no significant differences in chewing frequency, total mealtime, rate of eating, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite between the normal and obese male groups. There were also no significant differences in chewing frequency, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite between the normal and obese female groups. However, the obese female group had a significantly shorter mealtime and significantly higher eating rate compared with the normal group. Thus, our study suggests that females who eat a meal for a longer time may reduce their food intake, consequently inducing body weight loss.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.161-168
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• 1972

The study was made to analyse the trend of food consumption in Korea from 1960 to 1970. Six kinds of statistical yearbooks in Korea was quoted for the basic data of this study. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The growth rate of populations in Korea from 1960 to 1970 was $2.0{\pm}0.4%$. 2) The production of foods in Korea was irregular by climate and natural phenomania. 3) There were the reverse trade phenomenia except vegetables, fruits and fishery products in export and import of food. 4) The monthly consumption expenditure per family in all city in Korea was \7,080 in 1963, and \29, 900 in 1970. 5) Food consumption in all expenditure was \3,840 in 1963, and \12,120 in 1970. 6) Percentage of food consumption of all expenditure was 54.2% in 1963, and 40.5% in 1970. 7) Cereal in food expenditure was \1,770 in 1963, and \5,060 in 1970. 8) By the growth of western style of life, there was a increase of western food consumption. 9) Engel index in Korea was 54.25 in 1963, and 40.46 in 1970. 10) We found slightly consumptional trend in plant origin food and highly trend in animal origin food. 11) Among the animal food consumption, chickens, canned meat, milk, eggs, and dried milk were highly consumed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 2008

In this study, we assessed college students' consumption values with regard to a seaweed functional food, and compared differences between the respondents' purchasing intentions and their educational levels. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to college students in Daegu/Kyungbook province. A total of 288 questionnaires were collected, and the total response rate was 96.0%. The results demonstrated that purchasing intention influenced all five consumption values. The high purchasing intention (HPI) group evidenced greater functional value, social value, emotional value, conditional value, and epistemic value than was observed in the low purchasing intention (LPI) group. However, individuals' educational levels, as related to food, influenced only the functional value and epistemic value. These results demonstrate that college students' consumption value in terms of seaweed functional foods is affected by purchasing intentions and educational experience.