This study was designed to examine the effect of Lactilactobacillus curvatus LB-P9 on hair regeneration. The treatment of LB-P9 conditioned medium increased the proliferation of both hair follicle dermal papilla cells and hair germinal matrix cells (hGMCs). Moreover, the expression levels of hair growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 7 were significantly elevated in hGMCs co-cultured with LB-P9. After time-synchronized depilation, mice were orally administered with either 4×107 colony forming unit (CFU) of LB-P9 (low dose) or 4×108 CFU of LB-P9 (high dose), once daily for 4 weeks. Compared with the vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline)-administrated group, the LB-P9-treated groups exhibited accelerated hair regrowth rate and enhanced hair thickness in a dose-dependent manner. Supporting this observation, both hair follicle numbers and the dermal thickness in skin tissues of the LB-P9-treated groups were increased, compared to those of the vehicle-treated group. These results might be explained by the increased level of β-catenin and number of hair follicle stem cells (CD34+ CD49f+ cells) in the skin tissues of mice administered with LB-P9, compared to the vehicle-treated mice. Also, increased serum levels of hair growth factors such as VEGF and insulin-like growth factor-1, and superoxide dismutase were found in the LB-P9-treated groups, compared to those of the vehicle-treated group. Taken together, these results might demonstrate that the oral administration of LB-P9 promotes hair regeneration by the enhancement of dermal papilla proliferation through the stimulation of hair growth factor production.
Park, Chung-Saeng;Jo, Seong-Geun;Lee, Jeong-Gyu;Gang, Tae-Yeong;Park, Seong-Jae;Gong, Il-Geun;Choe, Min-Cheol
Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
/
제21권2호
/
pp.147-156
/
1997
Ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration was performed in Holstein heifers once weekly with or without pretreatment of single or multiple decreasing doses using a total of 400 mg FSH. Oocytes were aspirated with a 6.5 MHz convex-array ultrasound trasducer designed for intravaginal use. All the visible follicles larger than 4 mm in diameter were punctured with a 17 gauge, 55 cm needle at each aspiration session and the follicular fluids containing oocytes were obtained by vacuum suction. The results obtained were as follows: As a preliminary experiment, the recovery rates of folicular oocytes by ultrasound-guided aspiration from the isolated ovaries of Korean native cows were compared between suction methods using manual syringe or vacuum pump. The recovery rate of oocytes using vacuum pump (80.7%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that using manual syringe (47.1%). The follicles were counted by their size in diameter with ultrasound image, and recovery rates and grades of follicular oocytes collected by ultrasound-guided aspiration were investigated in Holstein heifers pretreated with or without FSH. A group of heifiers were injected with multiple decreasing doses (twice a day for 3 days) of a total of 400 mg FSH. The other 2 groups were injected with a single dose of 400 mg FSH mixed with 25% PVP. Ultrasound observation of follicle population and/or ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte aspiration were performed 12 hrs following the last FSH injection in the multiple dose group, and 48 or 60 hrs after FSH injection in the single dose groups. Most of the visible follicles had small size of less than 3 mm in diameter in unstimulated heifers (71.0%), but medium size in all the heifers treated with FSH. (70.5 to 92.8%). The number of OPU follicles per session (4.6$\pm$1.9) were much less, compared to the vilsible follicle counts (9.7$\pm$2.2), in the nustimulated heifers due to the small dominant follicles. Among 4 goups of heifers the most visible as well as OPU follicles were observed in the heifers at 60 hrs following treatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH (21.2$\pm$2.3 and 21.0$\pm$2.0), and the differences in both the follicle counts between the groups was found significant (P<0.05) The rates of oocyte recovery from the follicles by ultrasound-guilded aspiration were varied 46.3 to 75.0% in the heifers unstimulated and treated with a single dose of 400 mg FSH, but the group difference was not significant. The number of recovered oocytes per session a, pp.ared to be highest at aspiration at 60 hrs following single FSH (10.6$\pm$2.2) than at aspiration at 48 hrs after single FSH (7.8$\pm$2.7) or in the unstimulated heifers (3.4$\pm$3.0). The proportion of grade I and II oocytes to all oocytes collected was varied 31.8 to 64.0% between the groups. However, there was found no significant difference in both the number of oocytes recovered per session and the percentage and the percentage of grade I and II oocytes. From the above results it was concluded that the more oocytes of superior quality might be recovered economically by ultrasound-guided aspiration at 60 hrs following the pretreatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH and by suction using a vacuum pump system of about negative pressure of 75 to 85 mmHg.
BP201, porcine lung tissue-derived phospholipids, consists of phosphatidylcholine as a major phospholipid species. BP201 promoted hair growth after application onto the shaved backs of BALB/c and C3H mice. Its effect was enhanced when applied together with minoxidil (MNX) in C3H mice. When the tissue specimens prepared from the shaved skins of BP201-treated and control mice were microscopically examined, the total numbers of hair follicles in both anagen and telogen phases of BP201-treated mice were significantly higher than those of control mice. The numbers of hair follicles in the anagen phase of BP201-treated mice were also higher than those of control mice. In combination with MNX, BP201 further increased the total number of hair follicles, but did not alter the percentage of hair follicles in the anagenic phase. BP201 also increased the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Collectively, BP201 possesses hair growth promoting potential, which would suggest its use singly or in combination for hair growth products.
Effects of $\alpha$-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and $\alpha$-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), inhibitors of polyamine syntheic enzymes (ornithine decarboxylase, arginine decarboxylase), on ovary were investigated during pupal-adult development of Helicoverpa assulta. Two inhibitors (DFMO, DFMA) showed definite inhibition effects on ovarian development. The inhibition effect on ovaries weight was more marked in DFMA-injection than that observed in DFMO-injection. Two inhibitors (DFMO, DFMA) gave rise to a peculiar decrease in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity in ovaries, 72 hrs (5-day old pupa) post injection. However, DFMO clearly exhibited supression of ODC activity after 96 hrs (6-day old pupa). In addition, two inhibitors (DFMO, DFMA) diminished putrescine content in the ovary. The spermidine level was slightly decreased by each injection of the inhibitors. However, two inhibitors (DFMO, DFMA) raised the spermine content at certain developmental stages in the ovary. Although the effect of DFMA was less severe, two inhibitors (DFMO, DFMA) caused not only an overall delay in ovarian development, but also abnormalities in cellular differentiation. Noted effects in the pupal ovary were the appearance of irregular nurse cells and partial destruction of follicle epidermal cells. Adult ovary showed rapid degradation of nurse cells, a reduction in the number of follicle epidermal cells and immature oocytes that had a low yolk content.
This study was carried out to investigate the ultrastructural changes of ooplasm and follicular membrane of oocytes, obtained from 150 of 3-year-old female rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). All data were collected from March in 1989 to February in 1990, and from August to October in 1991. The size of the nucleoli and number of the yolk granules increased as the oocyte growed. Yolk granules were deposited in the oocyte as crystalline granules. Due to the presence of large early and late maturing oocytes, their ovaires were enlarged, transparent and granular. The lattice was broken down at hydration, leaving the egg transparent. As thepercentages of fish in LPO and EMO stage increased from September to October, Mean GSI values increased. Follicle cells such as granulosa cell and thecal cell change a squamous into cuboid shape in LPO and EMO stage. Seasonal changes in the microscopic appearance of the ovaries were well correlated with those in bothgonadosomatic index and macroscopic apearance. Under the natural conditions,t he ovarian follicle influences the histological development and periodical secretion of the hormones, sufficient for a oogenesis and gonadal steroid production. The electrophoretic pattern of major band in mature stage was much thicker(70∼110k dalton) than that in previtellogenic phase.
This experiment has been done to evaluate the relationship between the follicular atresia and the protein patterns on electrophoreais of the follicular fluids in porcine ovary. The protein concentration of the follicular fluids was lower than that of serum, and gradually decreased as the follicle siae became larger. The number of protein bands of follicular fluid on electrophoresis was less than that of serum, and gradually increased as follicle size became larger. Three specific bands were detected on disc PAGE and one band(M W. 75,000) on SDS PAGE in the follicular fluids, while not in serum. One band (A) at ${\beta}$-globulin region on disc PAGE became heavier, as follicles became atretic. Two bands less than(M. W. 20,000) were detected only in the large follicular fluid. Another band(M. W. 43,000) was not detected in necrotic group, whereas all other groups showed it. It could be concluded that the component and composition of the proteins follicular fluids changes according to the follicular size during atresia. Therefore detection of the changing pattern of proteins in the follicular fluid can be used as a basic criterion for the identification of follicular atretic stage.
Magamage, Manjula Priyantha Sumith;Sathagopam, Sriravali;Avula, Kiran;Madushanka, Di Neththi Nimesh;Velmurugan, Sathya
Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
/
제36권1호
/
pp.51-58
/
2021
Kisspeptin, a neuropeptide and the master controller of reproductive axis upstream to GnRH neurons, and its receptor are also expressed in extra-hypothalamic tissues, such as ovaries. As systemic kisspeptin has been shown to modulate follicular dynamics in cattle, we hypothesized that kisspeptin has direct actions on the ovarian follicular development. We also hypothesized that kisspeptin regulation of primordial follicle development is via modulation of VEGF expression. In order to test these hypotheses, we cultured caprine ovarian cortical strips in vitro for 7 days with supplementation of kisspeptin at 1, 10 and 100 µM concentration and observed the development of primordial follicles into intermediate, primary and secondary follicles. We also studied the alteration in the expression profile of VEGF and VEGF transcript variant 2 mRNA during follicular development in the presence of kisspeptin. We confirmed the presence of GPR54 in goat ovaries in our preliminary studies. Supplementation of kisspeptin at 1 and 10 µM concentration facilitated the development of primordial follicles into intermediate, primary and secondary follicles with less number of degenerated follicles while the same at 100 µM resulted in degeneration of follicles. We observed a drastic increase in the expression profile of VEGF and VEGF transcript variant 2 mRNA upon culture which was independent of kisspeptin treatment. In conclusion, our studies show that kisspeptin facilitates ovarian primordial development in vitro.
Moon, Kyoung Yong;Kim, Hoon;Lee, Joong Yeup;Lee, Jung Ryeol;Jee, Byung Chul;Suh, Chang Suk;Kim, Ki Chul;Lee, Won Don;Lim, Jin Ho;Kim, Seok Hyun
Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
/
제43권2호
/
pp.112-118
/
2016
Objective: Ovarian reserve tests are commonly used to predict ovarian response in infertile patients undergoing ovarian stimulation. Although serum markers such as basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or random $anti-M{\ddot{u}}llerian$ hormone (AMH) level and ultrasonographic markers (antral follicle count, AFC) are good predictors, no single test has proven to be the best predictor. In this study, we developed appropriate equations and novel nomograms to predict the number of oocytes that will be retrieved using patients' age, serum levels of basal FSH and AMH, and AFC. Methods: We analyzed a database containing clinical and laboratory information of 141 stimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed at a university-based hospital between September 2009 and December 2013. We used generalized linear models for prediction of the number of oocytes. Results: Age, basal serum FSH level, serum AMH level, and AFC were significantly related to the number of oocytes retrieved according to the univariate and multivariate analyses. The equations that predicted the number of oocytes retrieved (log scale) were as follows: model (1) $3.21-0.036{\times}(age)+0.089{\times}(AMH)$, model (2) $3.422-0.03{\times}(age)-0.049{\times}(FSH)+0.08{\times}(AMH)$, model (3) $2.32-0.017{\times}(age)+0.039{\times}(AMH)+0.03{\times}(AFC)$, model (4) $2.584-0.015{\times}(age)-0.035{\times}(FSH)+0.038{\times}(AMH)+0.026{\times}(AFC)$. model 4 showed the best performance. On the basis of these variables, we developed nomograms to predict the number of oocytes that can be retrieved. Conclusion: Our nomograms helped predict the number of oocytes retrieved in stimulated IVF cycles.
Kim, Se-ra;Oh, Heon;Lee, Hae-june;Shin, Dong-ho;Kim, Jong-choon;Park, In-chul;Oh, Ki-seok;Jo, Sung-kee;Kim, Sung-ho
Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
/
제43권2호
/
pp.181-188
/
2003
Cordyceps has a reputation for its broad biological activities and as a tonic which replenishs vital function in Chinese traditional medicines. As an attempt to obtain fundamental data for the development of new type Cordyceps, the effects of the fruiting bodies of cultivated fungus of Paecilomyces japonica grown on silkworm larvae on radiationinduced damages were investigated. We performed this study to determine the effect of Dongchongxiacao (Paecilomyces japonica) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation, and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells and hair follicles of mice irradiated with high and low dose of gamma-radiation. Treatment with Dongchongxiacao showed no significant modifying effects on the jejunal crypt survival and endogenous spleen colony formation. The frequency of radiationinduced apoptosis was reduced by pretreatment of Dongchongxiacao (i.p.: 50 mg/kg of body weight, at 12 and 36 hours before irradiation, p<0.01). The spontaneous levels of apoptotic cells are $0.082{\pm}0.041$ in intestinal crypts and $0.231{\pm}0.084$ per hair follicle section of skin. Pretreatment of Dongchongxiacao was associated with decreases of 26.86% in intestinal crypt and 66.36% in hair follicle decrease in the number of cells with nuclei positively stained for apoptosis compared with the irradiation control group. We demonstrated for the first time that Dongchongxiacao administration could reduce the extent of apoptosis produced by radiation in the hair follicle. The results presented herein that Dongchongxiacao given before irradiation is capable of reducing the severity of cell loss as a result of apoptosis.
Application of trans rectal ultrasonography to buffaloes (n=6) to follow the growth of large antral follicles individually, on each day of one interovulatory interval revealed that follicular turnover during oestrous cycle occured in waves. There was a predominance of a two-wave pattern (5/6 animals) compared to that of a three-wave pattern (1/6 animals). For two-wave pattern, the first wave emerged at Day $0.20{\pm}0.19$ (Day 0 = day of ovulation) and was marked by development of a dominant anovulatory follicle which grew in size from $5.40{\pm}0.24mm$ at the day of detection to a maximum diameter of $12.40{\pm}0.81mm$ on Day $8.60{\pm}1.57$, with a growth rate of $0.88{\pm}0.17mm/day$ and then regressed, with a mean persistence of $19.40{\pm}1.54$ days. The second wave emerged at Day $9.20{\pm}1.06$ and was marked by development of a dominant ovulatory follicle which grew in size from $4.20{\pm}0.37mm$ at the day of detection to a maximum diameter of $13.80{\pm}0.37mm$ on Day $21.00{\pm}1.38$, with a growth rate of $0.66{\pm}0.12mm/day$ and then ovulated on Day $21.60{\pm}1.25$, with a mean persistence of $11.80{\pm}1.39$ days. The maximum diameters attained and the growth rates of dominant anovulatory and dominant ovulatory follicles, and the mean number of follicles ${\geq}3mm$ diameter detected at the time of emergence of first and second waves ($11.80{\pm}1.74$ and $9.00{\pm}2.81$, respectively) were not significantly different. In the animal which showed a three-wave pattern, the first, second and third waves emerged on Days 1, 10 and 19, respectively. All animals, except one had at least one subordinate follicle in the first or second or both waves. The subordinate follicles increased in diameter over a few days and then regressed. The results indicate that in buffaloes, the follicular turnover during oestrous cycle occurs predominantly in a two-wave pattern.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.