• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.76
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• pp.21-47
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• 2017

Interim measures by an arbitral tribunal aim to protect the parties' rights before or during arbitral proceedings for avoiding frustration of the final award in international commercial disputes. Even though decisions of the interim measure are expected to be performed by parties directly during the arbitral processing, it is not easy to be provided by the arbitral tribunals cause of lack the power to enforce their decisions directly against the parties. Particular court supports mechanism for enforcement directly to assistance to arbitral tribunal's decisions. Decisions on interim measures are provisional. Even though the arbitration is ongoing to request interim measure directly to the arbitral tribunal, relevant courts are able to ensure effective relief cause by the difficulty of limited rights of the arbitral tribunal. In this time both revised Korean Arbitration Act in 2016 and UNCITRAL 2006 revised Model Law are complemented to attach articles for recognition and enforcement of interim measures by arbitral tribunal during the arbitration processing. It could be possible to enforcement of decisions of interim measures by arbitral tribunal on the revised arbitration law. In this paper it is considered the problems and alternatives on related applicable articles and articles of recognition and enforcement for the interim measures by arbitral tribunal under the revised UNCITRAL Model law and Korean Arbitration Act.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1781-1786
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• 2005

In sensor network systems, all the nodes are interconnected and the positional information of each sensor is essential. To measure the temperature, position detection and communication functions are required. Many sensor nodes are distributed to a measurement field, and these sensors have three main functions: they measure the distance to the other nodes, the data of which are used to determine the position of each node; they communicate with other nodes; and they measure the temperature of each node. A novel range measurement method using the difference between light and sound propagation speed is proposed. The experimental results show the temperature distribution as measured with the aid of the determined positions. The positions of every node were calculated with a PC program. Eight nodes were manufactured and their fundamental functions were tested. The results of the range measurement method, which takes relatively accurate measurements, contribute significantly to the accuracy of the position determination. Future studies will focus on 3-D position determination and on the architecture of appropriate sensors and actuators.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.211-232
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• 2007

In this paper we investigate some issues and solutions related to the design of a Data Warehouse (DW), storing several aggregate measures about trajectories of moving objects. First we discuss the loading phase of our DW which has to deal with overwhelming streams of trajectory observations, possibly produced at different rates, and arriving in an unpredictable and unbounded way. Then, we focus on the measure presence, the most complex measure stored in our DW. Such a measure returns the number of distinct trajectories that lie in a spatial region during a given temporal interval. We devise a novel way to compute an approximate, but very accurate, presence aggregate function, which algebraically combines a bounded amount of measures stored in the base cells of the data cube. We conducted many experiments to show the effectiveness of our method to compute such an aggregate function. In addition, the feasibility of our innovative trajectory DW was validated with an implementation based on Oracle. We investigated the most challenging issues in realizing our trajectory DW using standard DW technologies: namely, the preprocessing and loading phase, and the aggregation functions to support OLAP operations.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1647-1658
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• 2016

RGB+D database has been widely used in object recognition, object tracking, robot control, to name a few. While rapid advance of active depth sensing technologies allows for the widespread of indoor RGB+D databases, there are only few outdoor RGB+D databases largely due to an inherent limitation of active depth cameras. In this paper, we propose a novel method used to build outdoor RGB+D databases. Instead of using active depth cameras such as Kinect or LIDAR, we acquire a pair of stereo image using high-resolution stereo camera and then obtain a depth map by applying stereo matching algorithm. To deal with estimation errors that inevitably exist in the depth map obtained from stereo matching methods, we develop an approach that estimates confidence of depth maps based on unsupervised learning. Unlike existing confidence estimation approaches, we explicitly consider a spatial correlation that may exist in the confidence map. Specifically, we focus on refining confidence feature with the assumption that the confidence feature and resultant confidence map are smoothly-varying in spatial domain and are highly correlated to each other. Experimental result shows that the proposed method outperforms existing confidence measure based approaches in various benchmark dataset.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.139-166
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• 2010

The supply chain management (SCM) systems have emerged as strong managerial tools for manufacturing firms in enhancing competitive strength. Despite of large investments in the SCM systems, many companies are not fully realizing the promised benefits from the systems. A review of literature on adoption, implementation and success factor of IOS (inter-organization systems), EDI (electronic data interchange) systems, shows that this issue has been examined from multiple theoretic perspectives. And many researchers have attempted to identify the factors which influence the success of system implementation. However, the existing studies have two drawbacks in revealing the determinants of systems implementation success. First, previous researches raise questions as to the appropriateness of research subjects selected. Most SCM systems are operating in the form of private industrial networks, where the participants of the systems consist of two distinct groups: focus companies and vendors. The focus companies are the primary actors in developing and operating the systems, while vendors are passive participants which are connected to the system in order to supply raw materials and parts to the focus companies. Under the circumstance, there are three ways in selecting the research subjects; focus companies only, vendors only, or two parties grouped together. It is hard to find researches that use the focus companies exclusively as the subjects probably due to the insufficient sample size for statistic analysis. Most researches have been conducted using the data collected from both groups. We argue that the SCM success factors cannot be correctly indentified in this case. The focus companies and the vendors are in different positions in many areas regarding the system implementation: firm size, managerial resources, bargaining power, organizational maturity, and etc. There are no obvious reasons to believe that the success factors of the two groups are identical. Grouping the two groups also raises questions on measuring the system success. The benefits from utilizing the systems may not be commonly distributed to the two groups. One group's benefits might be realized at the expenses of the other group considering the situation where vendors participating in SCM systems are under continuous pressures from the focus companies with respect to prices, quality, and delivery time. Therefore, by combining the system outcomes of both groups we cannot measure the system benefits obtained by each group correctly. Second, the measures of system success adopted in the previous researches have shortcoming in measuring the SCM success. User satisfaction, system utilization, and user attitudes toward the systems are most commonly used success measures in the existing studies. These measures have been developed as proxy variables in the studies of decision support systems (DSS) where the contribution of the systems to the organization performance is very difficult to measure. Unlike the DSS, the SCM systems have more specific goals, such as cost saving, inventory reduction, quality improvement, rapid time, and higher customer service. We maintain that more specific measures can be developed instead of proxy variables in order to measure the system benefits correctly. The purpose of this study is to find the determinants of SCM systems success in the perspective of vendor companies. In developing the research model, we have focused on selecting the success factors appropriate for the vendors through reviewing past researches and on developing more accurate success measures. The variables can be classified into following: technological, organizational, and environmental factors on the basis of TOE (Technology-Organization-Environment) framework. The model consists of three independent variables (competition intensity, top management support, and information system maturity), one mediating variable (collaboration), one moderating variable (government support), and a dependent variable (system success). The systems success measures have been developed to reflect the operational benefits of the SCM systems; improvement in planning and analysis capabilities, faster throughput, cost reduction, task integration, and improved product and customer service. The model has been validated using the survey data collected from 122 vendors participating in the SCM systems in Korea. To test for mediation, one should estimate the hierarchical regression analysis on the collaboration. And moderating effect analysis should estimate the moderated multiple regression, examines the effect of the government support. The result shows that information system maturity and top management support are the most important determinants of SCM system success. Supply chain technologies that standardize data formats and enhance information sharing may be adopted by supply chain leader organization because of the influence of focal company in the private industrial networks in order to streamline transactions and improve inter-organization communication. Specially, the need to develop and sustain an information system maturity will provide the focus and purpose to successfully overcome information system obstacles and resistance to innovation diffusion within the supply chain network organization. The support of top management will help focus efforts toward the realization of inter-organizational benefits and lend credibility to functional managers responsible for its implementation. The active involvement, vision, and direction of high level executives provide the impetus needed to sustain the implementation of SCM. The quality of collaboration relationships also is positively related to outcome variable. Collaboration variable is found to have a mediation effect between on influencing factors and implementation success. Higher levels of inter-organizational collaboration behaviors such as shared planning and flexibility in coordinating activities were found to be strongly linked to the vendors trust in the supply chain network. Government support moderates the effect of the IS maturity, competitive intensity, top management support on collaboration and implementation success of SCM. In general, the vendor companies face substantially greater risks in SCM implementation than the larger companies do because of severe constraints on financial and human resources and limited education on SCM systems. Besides resources, Vendors generally lack computer experience and do not have sufficient internal SCM expertise. For these reasons, government supports may establish requirements for firms doing business with the government or provide incentives to adopt, implementation SCM or practices. Government support provides significant improvements in implementation success of SCM when IS maturity, competitive intensity, top management support and collaboration are low. The environmental characteristic of competition intensity has no direct effect on vendor perspective of SCM system success. But, vendors facing above average competition intensity will have a greater need for changing technology. This suggests that companies trying to implement SCM systems should set up compatible supply chain networks and a high-quality collaboration relationship for implementation and performance.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2010

This study researches the effects of common features on a no-choice option with respect to regulatory focus theory. The primary interest is in three factors and their interrelationship: common features, no-choice option, and regulatory focus. Prior studies have compiled vast body of research in these areas. First, the "common features effect" has been observed bymany noted marketing researchers. Tversky (1972) proposed the seminal theory, the EBA model: elimination by aspect. According to this theory, consumers are prone to focus only on unique features during comparison processing, thereby dismissing any common features as redundant information. Recently, however, more provocative ideas have attacked the EBA model by asserting that common features really do affect consumer judgment. Chernev (1997) first reported that adding common features mitigates the choice gap because of the increasing perception of similarity among alternatives. Later, however, Chernev (2001) published a critically developed study against his prior perspective with the proposition that common features may be a cognitive load to consumers, and thus consumers are possible that they are prone to prefer the heuristic processing to the systematic processing. This tends to bring one question to the forefront: Do "common features" affect consumer choice? If so, what are the concrete effects? This study tries to answer the question with respect to the "no-choice" option and regulatory focus. Second, some researchers hold that the no-choice option is another best alternative of consumers, who are likely to avoid having to choose in the context of knotty trade-off settings or mental conflicts. Hope for the future also may increase the no-choice option in the context of optimism or the expectancy of a more satisfactory alternative appearing later. Other issues reported in this domain are time pressure, consumer confidence, and alternative numbers (Dhar and Nowlis 1999; Lin and Wu 2005; Zakay and Tsal 1993). This study casts the no-choice option in yet another perspective: the interactive effects between common features and regulatory focus. Third, "regulatory focus theory" is a very popular theme in recent marketing research. It suggests that consumers have two focal goals facing each other: promotion vs. prevention. A promotion focus deals with the concepts of hope, inspiration, achievement, or gain, whereas prevention focus involves duty, responsibility, safety, or loss-aversion. Thus, while consumers with a promotion focus tend to take risks for gain, the same does not hold true for a prevention focus. Regulatory focus theory predicts consumers' emotions, creativity, attitudes, memory, performance, and judgment, as documented in a vast field of marketing and psychology articles. The perspective of the current study in exploring consumer choice and common features is a somewhat creative viewpoint in the area of regulatory focus. These reviews inspire this study of the interaction possibility between regulatory focus and common features with a no-choice option. Specifically, adding common features rather than omitting them may increase the no-choice option ratio in the choice setting only to prevention-focused consumers, but vice versa to promotion-focused consumers. The reasoning is that when prevention-focused consumers come in contact with common features, they may perceive higher similarity among the alternatives. This conflict among similar options would increase the no-choice ratio. Promotion-focused consumers, however, are possible that they perceive common features as a cue of confirmation bias. And thus their confirmation processing would make their prior preference more robust, then the no-choice ratio may shrink. This logic is verified in two experiments. The first is a $2{\times}2$ between-subject design (whether common features or not X regulatory focus) using a digital cameras as the relevant stimulus-a product very familiar to young subjects. Specifically, the regulatory focus variable is median split through a measure of eleven items. Common features included zoom, weight, memory, and battery, whereas the other two attributes (pixel and price) were unique features. Results supported our hypothesis that adding common features enhanced the no-choice ratio only to prevention-focus consumers, not to those with a promotion focus. These results confirm our hypothesis - the interactive effects between a regulatory focus and the common features. Prior research had suggested that including common features had a effect on consumer choice, but this study shows that common features affect choice by consumer segmentation. The second experiment was used to replicate the results of the first experiment. This experimental study is equal to the prior except only two - priming manipulation and another stimulus. For the promotion focus condition, subjects had to write an essay using words such as profit, inspiration, pleasure, achievement, development, hedonic, change, pursuit, etc. For prevention, however, they had to use the words persistence, safety, protection, aversion, loss, responsibility, stability etc. The room for rent had common features (sunshine, facility, ventilation) and unique features (distance time and building state). These attributes implied various levels and valence for replication of the prior experiment. Our hypothesis was supported repeatedly in the results, and the interaction effects were significant between regulatory focus and common features. Thus, these studies showed the dual effects of common features on consumer choice for a no-choice option. Adding common features may enhance or mitigate no-choice, contradictory as it may sound. Under a prevention focus, adding common features is likely to enhance the no-choice ratio because of increasing mental conflict; under the promotion focus, it is prone to shrink the ratio perhaps because of a "confirmation bias." The research has practical and theoretical implications for marketers, who may need to consider common features carefully in a practical display context according to consumer segmentation (i.e., promotion vs. prevention focus.) Theoretically, the results suggest some meaningful moderator variable between common features and no-choice in that the effect on no-choice option is partly dependent on a regulatory focus. This variable corresponds not only to a chronic perspective but also a situational perspective in our hypothesis domain. Finally, in light of some shortcomings in the research, such as overlooked attribute importance, low ratio of no-choice, or the external validity issue, we hope it influences future studies to explore the little-known world of the "no-choice option."

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.18-28
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• 2012

This study was to develop a novel automatic system for measuring St$\ddot{o}$ckigt sizing degree and contact angle at a time. The conventional methods to measure sizing degree had serious problems in obtaining significant differences according to different dosages of a sizing agent, and moreover they disclosed unique limitation due to liquid types used and tester's subjectivity. However, the newly developed system could get reproducible results through total automation of all procedures including liquid dropping, image acquisition and measurement of both St$\ddot{o}$ckigt sizing degree and contact angle. For the St$\ddot{o}$ckigt sizing test, the automatic system could measure sizing degree with more definite differences according to different dosage of AKD, compared to the conventional method. For the contact angle test, the automatic system showed a similar trend to the conventional method but had smaller contact angles due to distortion of an image focus by a sheet curl than the conventional testing machine. The problem from the image out of focus due to specimen curl will be overcome with adopting a new specimen holder for the future system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1174-1185
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• 2012

This study develops tight-fitting upper clothing to measure electrocardiography (ECG) data. Taking into consideration the elasticity of the clothing, we made 4 experimental clothes by applying to each a weft reduction rate of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. The 4 experimental clothes were used to measure resting ECG, exercise ECG, and post-exercise ECG for 4 men in their 20s. We compared clothing pressures using sensors on the human body and on a dressform. Subjective wear sensations of the 4 experimental clothes were evaluated using a subjective 7-point scale (with 7 being most excellent). We measured clothing pressures by using the air type pressure (AMI 3037-2) for upper and lower chest sensors in the developed tight-fitting upper clothing. The lower chest sensor showed that the clothing pressure on a human body and dressform changed consistently as the weft reduction rate decreased. The upper chest sensor showed inconsistent changes in clothing pressure as the weft reduction rate decreased. The wearing-test result for preliminary subjects showed that the lower chest sensor was more stable than the upper chest sensor; therefore, we inserted the sensor at the lower chest position before performing ECG. Except for Subject 4, the resting ECGs were stably measured for 3 subjects (Subject 1, Subject 2, and Subject 3) in all the developed clothes (A clothing, B clothing, C clothing, and D clothing). However, D clothing showed stable ECG values after exercise. The results of the experiment showed that we could measure ECG without difficulty using clothes with a weft reduction rate of 40% when the movement was not intense; however, tight-fitting upper clothing with a weft reduction rate of 70% was necessary to measure exercise ECG and post-exercise ECG values.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.460-473
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to provide information on issues of nursing core competencies needed in the fields of nursing practice for graduates in nursing, from the perspective of nursing managers, and to make suggestion for improving nursing education programs. Methods: Ten nursing managers participated in this study. They were in charge of clinical nursing education in the fields of nursing practice. Data were collected using focus group interviews and analyzed with the content analysis methodology of Downe - Wamboldt's. Results: Six types of nursing core competency - therapeutic nursing competency, professional nursing competency, administrative nursing competency, humanistic nursing competency, relational nursing competency, and personal nursing competency - were identified as nursing core competencies needed in the fields of nursing practice for graduates in nursing. Conclusion: Results of the study show important evidence for decision-making about nursing curriculum revision based on nursing core competency, both in the classroom and in nursing practice areas. These results should contribute to the development of evaluation indicators for nursing students or new nurses. Further research is required to measure degree of nursing core competency in graduates of nursing and to identify the effect of competency-based education for improving nursing core competency.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1301-1302
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• 2008

In this study, the fracture strength for fracture mechanism porous calcium phosphate made from sintered with ${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphate obtained by wet precipitation procedure is analyzed using finite element method and experiment measurement. First, three $3{\times}3{\times}3mm^3$ and $5{\times}5{\times}5mm^3$ specimens are prepared and tomographic images of one $5{\times}5{\times}5mm^3$ specimen are obtained by micro focus X-ray CT. The compression tests using the specimens are carried out to measure the elastic modulus and fracture strength to analyze the fracture mechanism of porous calcium phosphate specimen. The tomographic images are reconstructed by 3D reconstruction program. The finite elements are directly built up in the reconstructed specimen. The numerical simulation for the compression tests is performed using the element. The mechanism of calcium phosphate of simulation are obtained by the compression tests using there cylindric specimen of height 19.5 mm and diameter 10 mm. From the results, the applicability of porous calcium phosphate is evaluated to care fracture and vacant bone of a patient as the reinforcement material.