• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 1995

This paper discusses the stick-slip phenomenon of the driveline system of a vehicle in consideration of friction. Friction is operated on the between of flywheel and clutch disk. The expressions for obtaining the results have been derived from the equation of motion of a three degree of freedom frictional torsion vibration system which is made up driving part(engine, flywheel), driven part(clutch, transmission) and dynamic load part(vehicle body) by applying forth-order Rungekutta method. It was found that the great affect parameters of the stick-slip or stick motion were surface pressure force between flywheel and clutch disk, time decay parameter of surface pressure force and 1st torsional spring constant of clutch disk when driveline system had been affected by friction force. The results of this study can be used as basic design data of the clutch system for the ride quality improvement of a car.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.79.2-79.2
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• 2011

플라이 휠 에너지 저장장치(Flywheel Energy Storage System: FESS)는 전기 에너지를 회전 운동 에너지로 저장하였다가 필요시 회전 운동에너지를 전기 에너지로 변환하여 재사용 가능한 에너지 저장장치 이다. 최근 전력 변환 기술의 발전으로 인하여 플라이휠 에너지 저장 장치의 에너지 입출력 속도가 빨라지고 대용량의 에너지를 저장할 수 있게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 플라이휠 에너지 저장 장치의 전력 입출력 특성을 이용하여 전력 시스템에서 발생하는 저주파 진동(Low frequency oscillation)을 억제하는 방안을 제시 하여 안정도를 향상 시키고자 하였다. 전력 시스템은 발전조건, 전송조건, 부하조건에 따라 동작 조건이 지속적으로 변하고 있다. 이러한 동작 환경 변화는 전력 시스템에 대한 수학적인 표현과 실제 전력계통간의 차이가 발생하기 때문에 정확한 제어 목적을 달성하기가 힘들다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 제어기 설계 단계에서 전력 계통의 불확실성을 고려할 수 있는 $H_{\infty}$ 제어 기법을 이용하여 플라이휠 에너지 저장장치를 위한 강인 제어기를 설계 하였다. 제안한 플라이휠 에너지 저장장치의 강인 제어기의 유용성을 입증하기 위하여 1기 무한대 모선에 적용한 결과를 비선형 시뮬레이션을 통하여 다양한 외란이 발생한 경우에 외란 억제 성능과 강인성에 대하여 고찰 하였으며, 제안한 방식이 기존의 전력계통 안정화 장치(Power system stabilizer: PSS) 보다 효율적이며 전력계통의 안정도 향상에 크게 기여함을 보이고자 하였다.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.955-964
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• 2011

In renewable energy system such as flywheel energy storage system, wind power and solar power, the motor/generator is the important key for offering the electric energy to the electric loads. For example, the heavy and large flywheel is rotated by electromagnetic torque of pemanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and, in case of a breakdown of electric current, the PMSM used as generator supplies electric energy for the various electric utilities using mechanical rotation energy of the flywheel. Thus, design of a motor/generator should be performed in effort to reduce cogging torque and electromagnetic loss for high efficiency. In our paper, a slotless permanent magnet synchronous motor/generator (SPMSM/G) with output power 15kW at the rotor speed 18000rpm is designed from electromagnetic analysis and dynamic performance analysis. In analytical approach, design parameters such as back electro-motive force (back EMF), inductance and electromagnetic torque are derived from analytical method which is one of the electromagnetic analysis method. And using the design parameters, this paper deal with system design considering the driving characteristics and electric load in required power. Finally, the analytical results are verified by the experiment and finite element method (FEM).

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 2005

This paper deals with the operation of a flywheel energy storage UPS. The UPS has good features such as long life-time, improved efficiency, no environmental problems, reduced size and space, and low maintenance cost compared with the conventional UPS using battery. The operating principle of the UPS is analysed in each mode including voltage compensation as well as uninterruptible power supply. Especially, the tracking characteristic of the disturbed phase of the source voltage after outage is analysed. The usefulness of the system is proved through simulations and experiments.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1988-1997
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• 2005

This study is concerned with structural integrity evaluations for the interference-fit flywheels in reactor coolant pumps (RCPs) of nuclear power plants. Stresses in the flywheel due to the shrinkage loads and centrifugal loads at the RCP normal operation speed, design overspeed and joint-release speed are obtained using the finite element method (FEM), where release of the deformation-controlled stresses as a result of structural interactions during rotation is considered. Fracture mechanics evaluations for a series of cracks assumed to exist in the flywheel are conducted, considering ductile (fatigue) and non-ductile fracture, and stress intensity factors are obtained for the cracks using the finite element alternating method (FEAM). From analysis results, it is found that fatigue crack growth rates calculated are negligible for smaller cracks. Meanwhile, the material resistance to non-ductile fracture in terms of the critical stress intensity factor (K$_{IC}$) and the nil-ductility transition reference temperature (RT$_{NDT}$) are governing factors for larger cracks.

• Advances in Automotive Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-39
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• 2018

Clutch energy is the thermal energy dissipated on the clutch disc, and it reaches its highest level during drive-off as a result of the difference between the angular speeds of the flywheel and clutch disc, and the torque transmitted. The thermal energy dissipated effects the clutch life. This study presents a new drive-off and thermal model to calculate the clutch energy for a rear wheel driven heavy-duty vehicle and to analyze the effects of clutch energy on temperatures of clutch pressure plate, flywheel and clutch housing. Three different driver profiles are used, based on the release of the clutch pedal in modulation zone: i) the pedal travels with the same speed all the way, ii) the travel speed of the pedal increases, iii) the travel speed of the pedal decreases. Vehicle test is performed to check the accuracy of the model. When compared to a simpler model that is widely used in the literature to calculate the clutch energy, the model used in this study calculates the clutch energy and angular speed behaviors of flywheel and transmission input shaft in better agreement with experimental results. Clutch wear and total clutch life are also estimated using the mean specific friction power.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2010

A superconductor flywheel energy storage system (SFES) is an electro-mechanical battery which transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy for storage, and vice versa. Many aspects of the quasi-static behavior of flywheel rotors still need to be studied closely, and the rotors require a stable and highly efficient supporting system such as high temperature superconductor (HTS) bearings, which offer dynamic stability without the use of active control. Quasi-static properties of HTS bearings in the radial direction provide data to solve problems which may occur in a running system. Since stiffness in countering rotor vibration is the main parameter for designing an HTS bearing system, we investigated the quasi-static properties of the magnetic force between permanent magnets(PMs) and HTS bulks in the radial direction. We measured radial stiffness, and discovered that bearing stiffness varied greatly depending on the number of active HTS bulks. This is valuable data for predicting the change in stiffness during partial HTS bearing failure. The quasi-static test results are used for optimal design and performance prediction for the 100 kWh class superconductor bearing.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2011

This study estimated experimentally the loss distribution caused by magnetic friction in magnetic parts of a superconductor flywheel energy storage system (SFES) to obtain information for the design of high efficiency SFES. Through the spin down experiment using the manufactured vertical shaft type SFES with a journal type superconductor magnetic bearing (SMB), the coefficients of friction by the SMB, the stator core of permanent magnet synchronous motor/generator (PMSM/G), and the leakage flux of the metal parts were calculated. The coefficients of friction by the stator core of PMSM/G in case of using Si-steel and an amorphous core were calculated. The energy loss by magnetic friction in the stator core of PMSM/G was much larger than that in the other parts. The level of friction loss could be reduced dramatically using an amorphous core. Energy loss by the leakage magnetic field was small. On the other hand, the energy loss could be increased under other conditions according to the type of metal nearby the leakage magnetic fields. In manufactured SFES, the rotational loss by the amorphous core was approximately 2 times the loss of the superconductor and leakage. Moreover, the rotational loss by the Si-steel core is approximately 3~3.5 times the loss of superconductor and leakage.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.758-768
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• 2012

This paper presents the modeling and position-sensorless vector control of a dual-airgap axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine optimized for use in flywheel energy storage system (FESS) applications. The proposed AFPM machine has two sets of three-phase stator windings but requires only a single power converter to control both the electromagnetic torque and the axial levitation force. The proper controllability of the latter is crucial as it can be utilized to minimize the vertical bearing stress to improve the efficiency of the FESS. The method for controlling both the speed and axial displacement of the machine is discussed. An inherent speed sensorless observer is also proposed for speed estimation. The proposed observer eliminates the rotary encoder, which in turn reduces the overall weight and cost of the system while improving its reliability. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme has been verified by simulations and experiments on a prototype machine.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2012

In this paper, the robust superconductor flywheel energy storage system(SFESS) controller using $H_{\infty}$ control theory was designed to damp low frequency oscillation of power system. The main advantage of the $H_{\infty}$ controller is that uncertainties of power system can be included at the stage of controller design. Both disturbance attenuation and robust stability for the power system were treated simultaneously by using mixed sensitivity $H_{\infty}$ problem. The robust stability and the performance for uncertainties of power system were represented by frequency weighted transfer function. To verify control performance of proposed SFESS controller using $H_{\infty}$ control, the closed loop eigenvalue and the damping ratio in dominant oscillation mode of power system were analyzed and nonlinear simulation for one-machine infinite bus system was performed under disturbance for various operating conditions. The results showed that the proposed $H_{\infty}$ SFESS controller was more robust than conventional power system stabilizer (PSS).