• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2010

Conceptions about functions of bladder in Oriental Medicine are focused on excretion of urine, such as "Somun(素問)" "Yeong-ranbijeonron(靈蘭秘典論)". However, functions of bladder cannot be in those. In Oriental Medicine, there are sentences in "Naegyeong", the fluid and humor is dispersed to whole body. It means that bladder has a function by reabsorption of the fluid and humor in metabolism with gi transformation, besides excretion of urine. In that reason, I try to find out meanings of bladder's functions in metabolism of the fluid and humor through bibliographic review. As a result, bladder has a 2 types of function. 1st, it is a excretion of urine that we have already mentioned. 2nd, it is a reabsorption of the fluid and humor.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.265-275
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to examine fluid excretions and changes in deceased bodies depending on type, location of, and causes of death for hygienic management of funeral homes. Based on the 858 cadavers studied, the average age at the time of death is 68.6 years, 83.0% had illness as the cause of death, and 79.5% passed away in a medical facility. Fluid excretion was observed in 46.2% of the cadavers. In manner of death, 78.8% of deaths -highest percentage- was due to an accident and 10.8% of deaths - lowest percentage- was due to age. Fluid excretion was observed in 46.3% of cadavers from medical facilities, 38.6% of cadavers from homes and 77.4% of cadavers from miscellaneous locations. There were various number of cadavers with recorded immediate, secondary and underlying cause of death; however, the fluid excretion rate was similar. In analyzing the immediate, secondary and underlying cause of death, respiratory and heart disease were the most common causes of death in categories of body organ and system. In terms of fluid excretion, liver disease followed by digestive and circulatory diseases were most common in immediate cause of death. Accidents and miscellaneous circumstances were most common amongst secondary and underlying causes of death for cadavers with fluid excretion. Based on the recorded illnesses of the cadavers, cardiopulmonary failure was most common as evident in 96 cadavers followed by pneumonia and sepsis. Cholangiocarcinoma (73.3%) had the highest rate of fluid excretion followed by pancreatic cancer, severe brain injury and liver cancer amongst categories of illnesses with more than 15 cadavers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 2006

The systolic and diastolic pressures in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley male rats were greatly decreased after single-dose of Cd treatment without significant changes in heart rate. There was a fluid-shift into the third space and/or -loss through the kidney, since plasma $Na^+$ concentration and hematocrit ratio were significantly increased by acute Cd exposure. The present study showed that the sustained hypotensive effect of single-dose Cd on the cardiovascular system might have resulted from the systemic hypovolemia. Furthermore, renal excretion of electrolytes, including $Na^+$ and $K^+$, and urine flow rate were increased by Cd intoxication. Interestingly, the ratio of $Na^+/K^+$ excretion was increased and reached the maximum level 3 hours after Cd injection and returned to the normal level after 7 hours. Nevertheless, there was no difference in the regression analysis of $Na^+$ excretion and urine flow rate in both groups. Therefore, the increase in the urine volume seemed to enhance the excretion of $Na^+$. This study strongly suggest that the hypotensive effect of Cd is mediated by systemic $Na^+$ loss through the kidney and/or hypovolemia via fluid-shift.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2001.02a
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• pp.27-31
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• 2001

This study examined the extent of mammary excretion and placental transfer of bisphenol A in rats. Bisphenol A was given by simultaneous i.v. bolus injection plus infusion to steady-state at low, medium and high doses. The steady-state serum levels of bisphenol A were linearly increased with increasing the dosing rate. The systemic clearance (mean range, 119.2-154.1 ml/min/kg) remained unaltered over the dosing rate studied. The levels of bisphenol A in milk exceeded those in serum, with the steady-state milk to serum concentration ratio being 2.4-2.7. The steady-state milk levels of bisphenol A were also increased linearly with increasing the infusion rate. In a separate study, the kinetic disposition of bisphenol A in the rat maternal-fetal unit was studied in pregnant rats. After i.v. injection, bisphenol A concentration in the maternal serum declined biexponentially. Bisphenol A was rapidly distributed into placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid, with maximum concentrations in these tissues achieved within 1 hr of injection. The decline of bisphenol A in placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid paralleled that of maternal serum. A simultaneous computer simulation showed that the observed concentrations were well represented by a 5-compartmental model consisting of the maternal central, placenta, fetus, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissue compartments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.505-510
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• 1992

The experiments were carried out to study the effect of physical forms of hay diet on phosphorus metabolism by offering sheep roughage diets containing a low phosphorus content. The sheep were fed coarse hay, short hay or finely ground pelleted hay. The physical forms of hat diet had little effect on the pathway of phosphorus excretion. In all groups, the most of phosphorus was excreted in feces and urinary phosphorus excretion was negligible. Duodenal fluid flow, rumen fluid outflow and estimated salivary flow appeared to be relatively high in sheep fed the coarse hay diet as compared to those in sheep fed the finely ground diet. The amount of phosphorus flow to the duodenum tended to be high in the coarse diet group as compared to those in other two groups. On the other hand, phosphorus concentrations in the duodenal fluid and the rumen fluid were lower in sheep fed the coarse hay diet than those in sheep fed the ground hay. Net intestinal phosphorus absorption tended to be higher in sheep fed the coarse hay than that in sheep fed the ground hay or pelleted hay. However, a negative phosphorus balance was observed in the coarse hay diet group although a positive phosphorus balance was found in other two groups. It was considered that salivary phosphorus secretion was greater than the amount of salivary phosphorus reabsorbed from the intestine, resulting in the negative of phosphorus balance in sheep fed the coarse hay.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.1
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• pp.55-80
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• 1992

In order to examine that the effect of Sam Hwa San, circulating the vital energy of Sam Cho and controlling body fluid metabolism, gives any influence on renal function, changes in the urine flow, eletrolytes excretion, plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity were observed after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract in rabbit. Also in vitro effect of the herb extract on oxygen consumption in renal cortical slices and ATPase activity in kidney microsomes was measured. The following results were obtained : 1. The urine flow was markedly increased at 10 min after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract($0.134{\pm}0.015$ vs. $0.433{\pm}0.046ml/min.kg$), but return ed to normal value after 40 min of infusion. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was significantly increased at 10 min after in travenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, and the renal plasma flow at 10 and 20 min after infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, following return to normal value. 3. $Na^+$ excretion was significantly increased during 10-40 min after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, although showed the maximal rate at 10-20 min. The fractional $Na^+$ excretion was also increased during 10-40 min. $K^+$ excretion was rapidly increased at 10 min after the intravenous Infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract and then gradually decreased to normal level at 40 min. The fractional $K^+$ excretion was significantly increased during 10-40 min after the intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract. 4. The plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity were not altered by the infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract. 5. The ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption of renal cortical slices was significantly reduced by the Sam Hwa San extract(0.5 and 1.0 vol.%). 6. The Na-K-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was strongly inhibited by the Sam Hwa San extract(0.5 and 1.0 vol.%). These results suggest that the Sam Hwa San causes a strong diuretic effect which results from reduction of Na reabsorption in renal tubule by a direct inhibition of Na-pump and, in part, from all increase in renal blood flow. In clinic, it is considered to obtain the therapeutic effect in body fluid metabolism disharmony to cause the circular disorder of vital energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.742-747
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• 2007

In order to investigate the mechanism of adaptation to long-term heat stress, six female buffalo calves of about 7 to 8 months age, were exposed to the cool-comfort environment (THI 65) for 21 days to obtain normal values of blood acid-base. An adaptive response of acid-base regulation was determined to long term (21 days) exposure of buffalo calves to hot-dry (THI 80) and hot-humid (THI 84) conditions. Higher rectal temperature and respiratory rate was recorded under hot-humid exposure compared to hot-dry. Significant reduction in the rectal temperature and respiratory rate on day 21 of hot-dry exposure indicated early thermal adaptation compared to hot-humid. Decreasing rectal temperature and respiratory rate from day 1 to 21 was associated with concurrent decrease in blood pH and pCO2. Increased plasma chloride concentration with low base excess in blood and in extracellular fluid suggested compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis. Reduced fractional excretion of sodium with increased fractional excretion of potassium and urine flow rate indicated renal adaptive response to heat stress.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.78-96
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• 1986

The sympathico-adrenergic system and the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system mediates the regulation of the internal milieu. And the kidneys regulate both water and electrolyte balance of the body fluid. The kidneys are the sites of production of renin which participate indirectly in maintaining renin. angiotensin-aldosterone system. These system de-serve special attention in the context of adjustment the effects on the body function. And so, maximal exercise and work load are associated with home-osthetic function. The nurses working in the hospital have been complained of fatigue and stress by frequent duty changes and overload. In order to define this, the possible changes of hormonal excretion during three-shift nursing practice were investigated. Urine samples were collected at pre-duty and post-duty, and were measured with chemical assay and radioimmunoassay in 30 nursing students, in nursing practice and 43 nursing students, in studying. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In nursing practice, urinary norepinephrine concentration showed a marked increase during day duty, urinary cortisol concentration showed a marked increase during evening duty, and urinary renin concentration was increased in night duty, 2. Corrected ratio of urinary sodium excreted by the urinary excretion of creatinin (UNa/UCr) and UCl/UCr showed a marked decrease during night duty. Nursing practice did not affect on the UK/UCr and urinary concentrating ability. From these results, it is suggested that further studies the define the effects on some physiological function of the three-shift nursing practice against circadian rhythm are needed for better working condition of nurses.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1981

Quantitative determination of capsaicin in biological fluid was investigated. The pharmacokinetic study of capsaicin in rabbits was performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, equipped with a microparticulate reversed-phase column and a fixed wavelength detector. Elution was carried out using methanolwater(70:30). It allows the quantitative determination at 8-400 ng level. When single dose of capsaicin(4mg/kg) was given to rabbits intravenously, the elimination phase was extremely short with average half-life to 17.35 minute. Urine excretion of capsaicin itself during first 2 hours after intravenous administration (4mg/kg) was 0.004-0.04% of the administered amount. The maximum plasma concentration of capsaicin after oral administration (300mg/kg) was $4{\times}10^{-7}$g/ml at 40 minutes. The $LD_{50}$ of capsaicin in mouse was 0.40mg/kg (i.v.) and 47.2 mg/kg (p.o.) which was determined by Litchfield and Wilcoxon's method, suggesting that the gastrointestinal absorption of capsaicin is poor.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1997

The pancreas is an important organ in the maintenance of zinc homeostasis. Endogenous zinc is con-tinuously secreted via pancreatic exocrine fluid or to a lesser extent in bile. Much of the endogenous secretion must be reabsorbed to sustain zinc homeostasis. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative size of the pancreatic/biliary zinc pool in comparision to the dietary zinc intake, and to study the effect of the phytate and calcium on the zinc homeostasis using a rat model. At the termination of the experiment, pan-creatic/biliary fluid was collected from the rats. Both radioactivity and total zinc were measured and the relative size of the pancreatic/biliary zinc pool was estimated. To determine the effect of phytate and calcium on zinc homeostsis, dietary zinc intake, the amount of zinc in pancreatic.biliary fluid and fecal zinc excretion were measured. The flow rate of pancreatic/biliary fluid, as corrected for tubing constriction, gives the corrected zinc concentration in the pancreatic/biliary fluid was 2.2 times higher than dietary zinc intake. To maintain zinc homeostasis, zinc absorption/reabsorption was very efficient in the current model; 76%, 88% of absorption/reabsorption for low calcium group and high calcium group 81% for phytate group and non-phytate group, respectively.