• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Facial symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. However, functional symmetry is favorable to aesthetic symmetry. In addition, fluctuating asymmetry is more natural and common, even if patients find such asymmetry to be noticeable. However, fluctuating asymmetry remains difficult to define. Several studies have shown that a certain level of asymmetry could generate an unfavorable image. A natural profile is favorable to perfect mirror-image profile, and images with canting and differences less than $3^{\circ}-4^{\circ}$ and 3-4 mm, respectively, are generally not recognized as asymmetry. In this study, a questionnaire survey among 434 medical students was used to evaluate photos of Asian women. The students preferred original images over mirror images. Facial asymmetry was noticed when the canting and difference were more than $3^{\circ}$ and 3 mm, respectively. When a certain level of asymmetry is recognizable, correcting it can help to improve social life and human relationships. Prior to any operation, the anatomical component for noticeable asymmetry should be understood, which can be divided into hard tissues and soft tissue. For diagnosis, two-and three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry and radiometry are used, including photography, laser scanner, cephalometry, and 3D computed tomography.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine fluctuating asymmetry of eye diameter, maxilla length, operculum length, and the number of pectoral fin ray and pelvic fin ray between ploidy and sex in diploid and triploid marine medaka, Oryzias dancena. In all experimental groups, eye diameter and maxilla length showed no significant difference between left side and right side (p>0.05). Results of operculum length in triploid male group and pectoral fin ray's number in diploid male group showed similarity ones with results of operculum length in triploid female group and pectoral fin ray's number in diploid female group (p<0.05). However, the operculum length in diploid male group and pectoral fin ray's number in triploid male group showed consinderable difference with those of operculum length in diploid female group and pectoral fin in triploid female group. Findings of pelvic fin ray's number in all groups were similar to those of pectoral fin ray's number in all groups (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.323-327
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• 2015

Wattle length, width, and area were measured to classify bilateral asymmetries in four lines of chickens. The lines were the S26 generation of White Leghorns selected for high (HAS) or low (LAS) response to sheep red blood cells and sublines in which selection had been relaxed for three generations (high antibody relaxed [HAR] and low antibody relaxed [LAR]). Antibody titers (AB) were greater for HAS than for HAR with both greater than for LAS and LAR which while different for males did not differ for females. The low antibody lines were heavier and reached sexual maturity at younger age than the high antibody lines. In general, wattle length, width, and area were greater in the low than high antibody lines. In 24 comparisons for bilaterality 18 exhibited fluctuating asymmetry and 6 exhibited directional asymmetry with 5 of the 6 being for wattle length. There was not a clear pattern for changes in degree of asymmetry when selection was relaxed for 3 generations. For females, the relative asymmetry (RA) of wattle area was larger ($p{\leq}0.05$) for HAR than for LAR and not different from the selected lines and relaxed lines. There were no differences among lines for RA of wattle length and width of females and wattle length, width, and area of males.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.387-395
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• 2011

Single-blade centrifugal pumps are widely used as sewage pumps. However, the impeller of a single-blade pump is subjected to strong radial thrust during pump operation because of the geometrical axial asymmetry of the impeller. Therefore, to improve pump reliability, it is necessary to quantitatively understand radial thrust and elucidate the behavior and mechanism of thrust generating. This study investigates the radial thrust acting up on a single-blade centrifugal impeller by conducting experiments and CFD analysis. The results show that the fluctuating component of radial thrust increases as the flow rate deviates from the design flow rate to low or high value. Radial thrust was modeled by a combination of three components, inertia, momentum, and pressure by applying an unsteady conservation of momentum to the impeller. The sum of these components agrees with the radial thrust calculated by integrating the pressure and the shearing stress on the impeller surface. The behavior of each component was shown, and the effects of each component on radial thrust were clarified. The pressure component has the greatest effect on the time-averaged value and the fluctuating component of radial thrust. The time-averaged value of the inertia component is nearly 0, irrespective of the change in the flow rate. However, its fluctuating component has a magnitude nearly comparable with the pressure component at a low flow rate and slightly decreased with the increase in flow rate.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.382-388
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• 2002

전라북도 전주시 유치원 어린이 650명을 대상으로 구강내 검사 실시하여 평균 연령 4.5세 어린이 100명(남아 50명, 여아 50명)의 유치열 석고모형을 계측하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 유치의 계측자내 오차는 제1유구치에서 다소 크고, 총평균치는 0.255mm이었다. 2. 유치의 근원심 및 순(협)설측 치관 직경은 전체 유치에서 남아가 여아보다 컸다. 3. 변동계수(coefficient variation)는 남 여아 모두 유전치부위가 유구치부위에 비해 다소 큰 경향을 보였고, 근원심 및 순(협)설측 치관 직경 모두 제2유구치에서 크기변화가 가장 적게 나타났다. 4. 좌, 우측 동명치 사이의 차이를 나타내는 비대칭성에서는 상악 근원심 크기 측정을 제외하고는 근원심 및 협설측 치관 크기 측정 모두에서 제2유구치가 제1유구치보다 보다 덜 비대칭적이었다. 5. Crown index는 상악의 경우 여아보다 남아에서 큰 반면, 하악의 경우에는 유견치를 제외하고는 여아에서 컸다. Crown module은 여아보다 남아에서 컸고, 일반적인 치아크기가 유중절치에서부터 제2유구치까지 점차 증가하였다. Crown area도 여아보다 남아에서 컸으며 하악 유중절치가 가장 적은 면적을 나타냈고, 상악 제2유구치가 가장 큰 면적을 나타냈다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2014

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of different housing systems on behavioral activities, welfare and meat quality of fast-growing broilers. Two hundred broilers were allocated into two housing systems: indoor housing vs indoor with outdoor access. Their general behavior (feeding, drinking, fighting, standing, lying, walking, investigating, dust-bathing and preening) was observed, and tonic immobility, fluctuating asymmetry of legs and wings were measured, and meat quality was analyzed. The results showed that the indoor-housed broilers with outdoor access had significant higher standing, walking, investigating, dust-bathing and preening than those indoor only. However, farming system was not found to significantly affect their feeding, drinking and fighting activities (p>0.05). The value of FA of tibia length of the broilers with outdoor access was significantly lower than that of the indoor-housed birds ($1.57{\pm}1.30$ vs $2.76{\pm}1.40$, p<0.05), while no difference was found for the value of FA in tibia diameter and wing length (p>0.05). TI of the broilers with outdoor access was 165.5 that was significantly higher than that (147.2) of the indoor birds (p<0.05). However, death rate in the outdoor run groups was significantly higher than that of the indoor ones ($2.0{\pm}0.81$ vs $4.0{\pm}0.82$, p<0.05). Meat quality was not affected by the two farming systems. It can be concluded that the results of this study may suggest that the indoor housing with outdoor access provides enriched environment for broilers and facilitates the expression of natural behaviors of the broilers but resulted in poorer performance and higher death rate.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2020

This work numerically investigates the effects of Reynolds number Re_D (= 100 - 150), cross-sectional aspect ratio AR = ( 0.25 -1.0), and attack angle α (= 0° - 90°) on the forces, Strouhal number, and wake of an elliptical cylinder, where Re_D is based on the freestream velocity and cylinder cross-section height normal to the freestream flow, AR is the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the elliptical cylinder, and α is the angle between the cylinder major axis and the incoming flow. At Re_D = 100, two distinct wake structures are identified, namely 'Steady wake' (pattern I) and 'Karman wake followed by a steady wake (pattern II)' when AR and α are varied in the ranges specified. When Re_D is increased to 150, an additional wake pattern, 'Karman wake followed by secondary wake (pattern III)' materializes. Pattern I is characterized by two steady bubbles forming behind the cylinder. Pattern II features Karman vortex street immediately behind the cylinder, with the vortex street transmuting to two steady shear layers downstream. Inflection angle α_i = 32°, 37.5° and 45° are identified for AR = 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, respectively, where the wake asymmetry is the greatest. The α_i effectively distinguishes the dependence on α and AR of force and vortex shedding frequency at either Re_D. In Pattern III, the Karman street forming behind the cylinder is modified to a secondary vortex street. At a given AR and α, Re_D = 150 renders higher fluctuating lift and Strouhal number than Re_D = 100.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.502-509
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• 2003

전북대학교에 재학중인 학생 800명을 대상으로 구강 검사를 시행하여 정상교합자로 판단되는 86명(남자 43명, 여자 43명, 평균나이 22.2세)의 석고모형을 채득하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 계측자내 오차는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서 상악 측절치가, 근원심 치관 직경에서는 상악 제 1대구치, 상악 제2대구치에서 다소 큰 값을 나타내었다. 평균 계측 오차는 순(협)설 치관 직경 측정은 0.051mm, 근원심 치관 직경 측정은 0.083mm 였다. 2. 좌우측 계측치 간의 차이는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서 평균 0.030mm, 근원심 치관 직경에서 평균 0.037mm를 보였으며, 통계학적으로 좌우측 계측치간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3. 영구치의 순(협)설 및 근원심 치관 직경은 전체 영구치에서 남자가 여자보다 컸다. 통계학적으로 유의성이 있는 치아는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서 상악 측절치, 상악 견치, 상악 제2소구치, 상악 제1대구치 상악 제2대구치, 하악 중절치, 하악견치, 하악 제2소구치, 하악 제1대구치 등이었고, 근원심 치관 직경에서 상악 중절치, 상악견치, 하악 견치, 하악 제1대구치 등이었다. 4. 남녀의 성차가 가장 인정되는 치아는 순(협)설 치관 직경에서는 상악 측절치, 근원심 치관 직경에서는 하악 견치였다. 5. Crown index는 남녀간에 비슷한 값을 보였고, Crown module과 Crown area는 모든 값에서 남자의 계측치가 컸다. 순(설)측 치관 직경값과 근원심 치관 직경값의 곱으로 표현되는 Crown area는 상악 제 1소구치, 하악 측절치, 하악 제 1소구치, 하악 2제소구치, 하악 제2대구치를 제외한 모든 치아에서 남녀간 차이에 통계학적 유의성이 있었다.(p<0.05)., 저염의 확산 폭이 약 10 km정도 증가하는 것으로 나타났고, 외해에 있어서 저염수는 남서풍에 의해서는 남동방향으로 그리고 북서풍에 의해서는 남서방향으로 퍼져나가는 양상을 보였다. 양쯔강에서 유출되는 평균적인 담수량에 의한 관성력과 조류의 힘만으로는 저염수가 제주도까지 도달하는 것은 힘들겠지만, 바람장과 북상하는 난류의 흐름이 합쳐질 때는 충분히 제주도 인근 해역까지 그 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 예측되었다.수가 낮아지고, 소수 기회종의 우점도가 높아진 것으로 보인다.의 표면양상이 관찰되었고, 군간 별다른 차이가 없었다. 즉, 활성형 BR인 CS은 $C_{27}-BRs$, $C_{28}-BRs$의 생합성 과정뿐만 아니라 $C_{29}-BRs$의 생합성 과정을 통하여 생성되는 과정이 식물체내에 존재함을 확인 할 수 있었다.한 one-bottle 접착 시스템과 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.y tissue layer thinning은 3 군모두에서 관찰되었고 항암 3 일군이 가장 심하게 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과를 보면 술전 항암제투여가 초기에 시행한 경우에는 조직의 치유에 초기 5 일정도까지는 영향을 미치나 7 일이 지나면 정상범주로 회복함을 알수 있었고 실험결과 항암제 투여후 3 일째 피판 형성한 군에서 피판치유가 늦어진 것으로 관찰되어 인체에서 항암 투여후 수술시기는 인체면역계가 회복하는 시기를 3주이상 경과후 적어도 4주째 수술시기를 정하는 것이 유리하리라 생각되었다.한 복합레진은 개발의 초기단계이며, 물성의 증가를 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.또 다른 약물인 glycyrrhetinic acid($100{\mu}M$)도 CCh 자극으로