• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.419-430
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage pattern of preventive resin restoration using conventional composite resin and flowable composite resin that recently developed. 60 sound premolar teeth were allocated to three groups. Flowable composite resin was used for the experimental groups(Group I and II) and conventional resin for the control group(Group III). After composite filling and sealant application, all teeth were thermocycled and evaluated for microleakage under light microscope. Additionally, a variety of voids formed inside restorations were also evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test and/or Mann-Whitney U-test. The results of the present study were as follows. 1. Microleakage found in all samples was only limited to the interface of restoration margin and enamel. 2. The flowable composite resin groups (Group I, II) generally showed less microleakage than control groups (conventional preventive resin restoration) (p<0.05) 3. Various types of voids were observed in most specimens. Especially, there was a tendency for more and larger voids to be found in group I, II than group III (p<0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.217-225
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• 2002

When we use the flowable resin on the primary molars for quick handling, one of the most important property is the wear resistance. This study was performed to compare the wear resistance characteristics of four flowable composite resins [Arabesk flow (group 1), Tetric flow (group 2), Aeliteflow (group 3), Filtek flow (group 4)] to that of one control composite resin [Z100 (group 5)]. Specimen discs(n=10), 10mm wide and 2mm thick, were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 7 days prior to testing. The specimens were subjected to 50,000 strokes at 2 Hz on the MTS system. During the test, the following parameters were maintained: the lateral excursion at 0.4mm, occlusal force at 2-100N with a force profile in the form of a half sine wave. The measurements of volume loss, depth of wear, and Vicker's hardness number of composite resins, and SEM observations of the polished and abraded surfaces were established. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple comparison test were employed to detect statistically significant differences among the flowable composite resin groups and the control composite group at P<.05. The following results were obtained: 1. Group 3 showed the least volume loss, while group 4 showed the greatest. The mean volume loss increased in the following order: group 3

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.585.1-585
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• 2001

The use of flowable composite resins as liners in class II packable composite resins has been suggested by some manufacturers. However, the contributions of this technique are unproven. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the gingival microleakage in class II packable composite restorations with or without the use of flowable composite resins as liners.. Method: Slot cavities were prepared on both proximals of 80 extracted human molars and randomly assigned to 8 groups of 20 each.(중략)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.405-412
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• 2008

This study was aimed to investigate whether an oxygen inhibition layer (OIL) is essential for the interfacial bonding between resin composite layers or not. A composite (Z-250, 3M ESPE) was filled in two layers using two aluminum plate molds with a hole of 3.7 mm diameter. The surface of first layer of cured composite was prepared by one of five methods as followings, thereafter second layer of composite was filled and cured: Group 1 - OIL is allowed to remain on the surface of cured composite; Group 2 - OIL was removed by rubbing with acetone-soaked cotton; Group 3 - formation of the OIL was inhibited using a Mylar strip; Group 4 - OIL was covered with glycerin and light-cured; Group 5 (control) - composite was bulk-filled in a layer. The interfacial shear bond strength between two layers was tested and the fracture modes were observed. To investigate the propagation of polymerization reaction from active area having a photo-initiator to inactive area without the initiator, a flowable composite (Aelite Flow) or an adhesive resin (Adhesive of ScotchBond Multipurpose) was placed over an experimental composite (Exp_Com) which does not include a photoinitiator and light-cured. After sectioning the specimen, the cured thickness of the Exp_Com was measured. The bond strength of group 2, 3 and 4 did not show statistically significant difference with group 1. Groups 3 and 4 were not statistically significant different with control group 5. The cured thicknesses of Exp_Com under the flowable resin and adhesive resin were 20.95 (0.90) urn and 42.13 (2.09), respectively.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.243-248
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• 2000

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relative radiopacities of cavity lining materials (Resin-modified Glass Ionomer cement, Compomer and Plowable resin) for posterior composite resin restoration. Material & Methods: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC, Vitrebond/sup TM/), Compomers (Dyract /sup (R)/ Compoglass, F2,000, Dyract/sup (R)/ flow Compoglass Flow) and Flowable resins (Tetric/sup (R)/ flow, Aeliteflo/sup TM/ Revolution/sup TM/) were used. Five specimens of 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were fabricated with each material. Human molars were horizontally sectioned 2 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The radiopacities of enamel, dentin, cavity lining materials, aluminum step wedge were obtainded from conventional radiograph and NIH image program. Results: All the tested lining materials showed levels of radiopacity the same as or greater than that of dentin. All compomer tested (Dyract, Compoglass, F2,000, Dyract flow, Compoglass Flow) and Vitrebond/sup TM/, Tetric/sup (R)/ flow were more radiopaque than enamel. The radiopacities of Fuji II LC and Revolution/sup TM/ were between enamel and dentin and resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Compomer and Tetric/sup (R)/ flow were greater than those of Revolution/sup TM/, Aeliteflo/sup TM/ or dentin. The level of radiopacity of the tested materials was variable; those with low radiopacity should be avoided in class II restorations, where a clear determination of recurrent caries by the examining clinician could be compromised. Conclusion: Clinician should be able to distinguish these cavity lining materials radiographically from recurrent decay, voids, gaps, or other defects that lead to clinical failure. Utilization of materials ranked more radiopaque than enamel would enable clinicians to distinguish the lining material from tooth structure.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different drinks on the color parameters of four different restorative materials. Materials and Methods: Three different composites (Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative, Filtek Ultimate Flowable, and Filtek Silorane, 3M ESPE) and a polyacid-modified composite resin material (Dyract XP, Dentsply DeTrey GmbH) were evaluated. Eighty-four disc-shaped specimens of 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were prepared (n = 21 each). Color coordinates ($L^*a^*b^*$, ${\Delta}L^*$, ${\Delta}a^*$, ${\Delta}b^*$, and ${\Delta}E^*$) were measured using a $V{\dot{I}}TA$ Easyshade Compact ($V{\dot{I}}TA$ Zahnfabrik) after 24 hr of storage (baseline) and after 30 day of storage in three different beverages of black tea, Coca cola, or water (control) (n = 7). In each beverage, the specimens were stored three times a day, one hr each, for 30 day. The color changes (${\Delta}E$) were calculated and were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison test. Results: The color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) of the resin materials ranged between 1.31 and 15.28 after 30 day of immersion in the staining solutions. Dyract XP in Coca cola ($15.28{\pm}2.61$) and black tea ($12.22{\pm}2.73$) showed the highest mean ${\Delta}E^*$ value after 30 day, followed by Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative ($5.99{\pm}1.25$) and Filtek Ultimate Flowable ($4.71{\pm}1.40$) in black tea (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The compomers displayed unacceptable color changes at the end of 30 day in all beverages. Among resin composites, the silorane based composite exhibited relatively good color stability than the others. Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative and Filtek Flowable showed similar color changes in all beverages.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acid neutralizing capacity and to observe surface changes of giomer in comparison with composite resin, when it comes in contact with an acidic solution. A packable giomer(Beautifil II) and a flowable giomer(Beautifil Flow F02) were used as experimental groups, while a packable composite resin($Filtek^{TM}$ Z-250) was used as control group. pH values were measured after mixing the specimens of the disc and powder types with a pH 2.0 hydrochloric acid solution, respectively. Also, in the case of powder type giomers used in the earlier experiment, their pH values were measured again after mixing them with a fresh acid solution. Moreover, surface structure changes of disc type specimens were observed by using a scanning electron microscopy(SEM). In the disc type test, the pH values of packable giomer were significantly increased after 24 hours(p < 0.05). In contrast, in the powder type test, the pH values of packable and flowable giomers were dramatically increased within 30 minutes. The pH value of packable giomer, in particular, was higer than that of flowable giomer(p < 0.05). In the repeated neutralizing test, the degree of pH variation was lower than that of the previous neutralizing test(p < 0.05). Erosive changes on the surface of packable giomer were observed to be more than those on composite resin and flowable giomer as well. In conclusion, giomer has a acid neutralizing capacity, when it comes in contact with an acidic solution. Especially, packable giomer with high filler content has a greater acid neutralizing capacity than flowable giomer.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the slumping resistance of flowable resin composites and to evaluate the efficacy using rheological methodology. Five commercial flowable composites (Aelitefil flow:AF, Filtek flow:FF, DenFil flow:DF, Tetric flow:TF and Revolution:RV) were used. Same volume of composites in a syringe was extruded on a glass slide using a custom-made loading device. The resin composites were allowed to slump for 10 seconds at $25^{\circ}C$ and light cured. The aspect ratio (height/diameter) of cone or dome shaped specimen was measured for estimating the slumping tendency of composites. The complex viscosity of each composite was measured by a dynamic oscillatory shear test as a function of angular frequency using a rheometer. To compare the slumping tendency of composites, one way-ANOVA and Turkey's post hoc test was performed for the aspect ratio at 95% confidence level. Regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the complex viscosity and the aspect ratio. The results were as follows. 1. Slumping tendency based on the aspect ratio varied among the five materials (AF

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.440-447
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• 2009

This study was performed to compare the wear resistance of sealant and flowable resins for analyzing the effect of flowable resin as a sealant in preventive resin restorations. Specimens were made and Vicker's hardness number and surface roughness were measured. SEM observations of the polished and abraded surfaces were established. Kruskal-Wallis rank test and Mann-Whitney U test at the significant level of ${\alpha}$=0.05 were used. The following results were obtained: 1. The microhardness was decreased among groups in following order: Z350 (3M ESPE, U.S.A), Estelite (Tokuyama Dental, Japan) and Ultraseal (Ultradent, U.S.A). There were significant differences in all groups (p<0.0001). 2. The surface roughness was decreased among groups in following order: Ultraseal XT plus, Palfique Estelite LV and Filtek Z350 flowable. However, there is no statistically significant differences in roughness among Estellite, Z350 and Ultraseal at the significance level of ${\alpha}$=0.05, with p=0.116 3. SEM observation of the unworn and worn surfaces revealed the qualitative differences in the wear appearance among groups. The results in this study indicate that flowable resin is better than sealant in aspect of physical properties.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2020

This study was performed to evaluate the restoration combined with resin infiltration (RI) of early cavitated smooth surface caries lesion in terms of microleakage. Flowable resin and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) were compared. Sound 20 extracted 3rd molars were divided into 2 groups randomly. Artificial decalcified lesion was induced. Cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces, and randomly set as experimental and control group. RI was applied to the experimental group before cavity restoration. The control group was restored without RI. In group I and II, flowable resin and RMGIC was used for restoration respectively. After thermocycling and silver nitrate immersion, microleakage was assessed by μ-CT. Depth of microleakage was lower in experimental group than control group only in group II (p = 0.05). Microleakage depth was lower in group II than group I in both experimental and control groups (p = 0.05). RI pretreatment before restoration of early cavitated caries lesions might reduce the microleakage and help long-term maintenance of restoration. In this study, RMGIC was less polymerization shrinkage. Restoration with RMGIC after RI pretreatment reduced the microleakage of the restoration compared to the flowable resin.