• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.189-219
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• 2000

To study the effects of anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of aqua-acupuncture with Rubi Fructus infusion solution, we used Rubi Fructus infusion solution(taken by water-alcohol method) put into Chung-wan (CV12) and Chok-Samni(ST36) of BALB/c or C57BL/6 which are corresponding to humanbody. We observed the cytotoxicity, the effect on the expression of MMP-9 gene, the ability to control cancer cell proliferation, change of body weight, surviving number, median surviving time, increase of life span, changes in amount of leukocyte, erythrocyte, platelet, total protein, creatinine, glucose and LDH, weight of spleen, number of pulmonary colony, histological analysis on tissue metastasis of lung and liver, splenic cell proliferation, the expression of cytokine gene, the number of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD19^+$ and NK cell, and concluded like this. The results were obtained as follows : 1. Effects of Anti-cancer 1) The cytotoxicity about B16-F10 cell line of $2^0$, $2^{-1}$, $2^{-2}$, $2^{-3}$, $2^{-5}$, $2^{-6}$, $2^{-7}$, $2^{-8}$ diluent groups in Rubi Fructus infusion solution treatment was inhibited significantly, compared with control group. 2) The cytotoxicity about HT1080 cell line of $2^0{\sim}2^{-8}$ diluent groups in Rubi Fructus infusion solution treatment was inhibited significantly, compared with control group. 3) The effect on expression of MMP-9 gene was inhibited significantly in all the sample groups, compared with control group. 4) The effect on the control-ability on the cancer cell proliferation showed cytotoxicity significantly in $2^0$, $2^{-1}$, $2^{-2}$, $2^{-3}$, $2^{-4}$, $2^{-5}$, $2^{-6}$, $2^{-7}$, diluent groups. 2. Effects of Anti-metastasis 1) S-180 cancer cell line transplants in BALB/c mice were inhibited significantly in weight increase in all the sample groups, compared with control group. The surviving number increased in almost sample groups, except one group put into Chok-Samni(ST36) with 20% Rubi Fructus infusion solution treatment group that showed same number of the control group. 2) S-180 cancer cell line transplants in BALB/c mice showed high MST significantly in almost sample groups, compared with control group. But one group put into Chok-Samni(ST36) with 20% Rubi Fructus infusion solution showed low MST than control group. 3) The group injected in vein with B16-F10 cancer cell line in C57BL/6 mice showed increased ILS than control group significantly in anti-metastasis test. 3. Effects of Immune response improvement 1) The group injected in vein with B16-F10 cancer cell line in C57BL/6 mice were increased significantly in the number of leukocyte and glucose, and decreased significantly in the amount of platelet and LDH, compared with control group. However, there's no significant increase or decrease in number of erythrocyte, total protein and creatinine. 2) We couldn't find any significant relation in spleen weight of the sample group. 3) In pulmonary colony, sample group was decreased significantly, compared with control group. 4) Histological analysis of sample group inhivited compared with that of control group in both of lung and liver. 5) In immune system, all the sample groups showed having more relevancy to the effect on splenic cell proliferation than normal group. 6) Cytokine gene increased in almost sample groups, except one group treated with $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ Rubi Fructus infusion solution on IL-12. 7) In flow cytometry there's no significant relation in number of $CD8^+$ cell, however, the number of $CD4^+$, $CD19^+$ cell and NK cell in sample group had more relation than in control group. Above the results showed that aqua-acupuncture of Rubi Fructus solution has effects of anti-cancer, and-metastasis and immune response improvement.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.494-498
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• 2009

Purpose : Applicability of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) has been expanded by accumulation of clinical experiences and evolutions of the device. This study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter closure of ASD with Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) in young children less than 3 years of age. Methods : From May 2003 to December 2005, 295 patients underwent transcatheter closure of ASD with ASO in the Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System. Among them, 51 patients less than 3 years of age were enrolled in this study. We investigated procedural success rate, rate of residual shunt, frequency of complications, procedure/fluoroscopy time, and need of modified techniques for device implantation. Results : The median age was 2.1 years and median body weight was 12 kg. Implantation of device was successful in 50 patients (98%). Seven patients (15%) showed a small residual shunt 1 day after the procedure, but complete occlusion had been documented at 6 month follow-up in all patients (100%). The pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs), peak systolic pulmonary artery pressure, and peak systolic right ventricular pressure had decreased significantly after closure of ASD. There were 2 complications including device embolization (1, 2%) and temporary groin hematoma (1, 2%). Conclusion : Transcatheter closure of ASD with ASO can be performed with satisfactory results and acceptable risk even in young children less than 3 years of age. We could suggest that even in very young children with ASD, there is no need to wait until they grow to a sufficient size for the transcatheter closure.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.604-610
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• 2001

Quality characteristics of Jook made of imported rice(Thai and Chinese rice, harvested in 1998) and domestic rice(Chuchung byeo, harvested in 1998 and 1997) were examined. After cooking, Thai rice granules in Jook gained more weight than other rices and had a higher degree of swelling(p<0.05). The hardness of Thai rice granules in Jook was the highest and the adhesiveness of that was the lowest(p<0.05). Thai rice granules in Jook had high cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess. Results showed that Thai rice has improper characteristics for making Jook which must be swallowed easily. In Thai rice, the time needed for the liquid pan of Jook to flow was shortest with values of 4.33s(60$\^{C}$) and 4.97s(40$\^{C}$) and spreadability of Jook was highest with value of 7.37cm(p＜0.05). It showed that Jook made of Thai rice had nonsticky properties. Lightness of Jook made of Thai rice had the highest value of 66.3(p<0.05) and yellowness of Jook made of imported rice were higher than those made of domestic rices. Yields of reducing sugar by $\beta$-amylase reaction was highest in Jook made of Korean rice harvested in 1998 and lowest in Jook made of Thai rice(p＜0.05). It showed That gelatinization of Korean rice harvested in 1998 was highest and that of Thai rice retarded. In sensory tests, Jook made of Korean rice harvested in 1997 had the highest acceptability and that made of Thai rice showed the lowest acceptability due to its strong off odor, low consistency and low smoothness in the mouth(p＜0.05) There were no significant differences between the Jook made of Korean rice harvested in 1998 and that of Chinese rice.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-21
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• 2016

This study investigated the quality characteristics and retarding retrogradation of sponge cakes made with red yeast rice (RYR) flour. RYR (Monascus nuruk) is known to help digestion, smooth blood flow, and have anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and inhibitory effects against biosynthesis of cholesterol and blood pressure. This studys aim' was to find the optimal proportion of RYR flour in sponge cake. RYR sponge cakes were prepared with various levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) replacement of wheat flour and were designated as the control (without RYR), RYR5, RYR10, RYR15 and RYR20 respectively. Specific gravity was the lowest in RYR15 at 0.57, and the baking loss rate was not significantly different among the samples (p<0.05). The dough yield was the highest in RYR15 at 96.61. The moisture contents was highest in order, control, RYR5, and RYR15 at 28.67%, 28.18%, and 26.82% respectively. The L-value of crust tended to increase according to the level of RYR, but the L-value of crumb decreased in accorddance with the the content of RYR. The a-value of crust also decreased according to the level of RYR, although the a-value of crumb increased in response to higher levels of RYR. The b-value tended to decrease with increases of RYR (p<0.05). RYR5 exhibited the highest pH at 8.63, compared with RYR15 (8.57). The hardness, which was measured after cooling for 1 hour, was the lowest in RYR15 at $163.33g/cm^2$ and the springiness was not different significantly (p<0.05). Cohesiveness was the highest in RYR10 at 133.06%. The chewiness was the highest in RYR10 at $391.63g{\cdot}cm$ and lowest in RYR15 ast $169.62g{\cdot}cm$. Avrami equation showed that RYR15 and RYR20 had the lowest Avrami exponent (n) at 0.0664 and 0.4983 respectively. Time constant (1/k) was the highest in RYR15 at 200.00. Sensory evaluation revealed that RYR15 was the highest in color (5.50), flavor (4.95), sweetness (4.90), chewiness (4.75), and overall acceptability (4.60).

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.797-807
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• 2011

Phenomenon of vegetation recruitment on the sand bar is drastically rising in the streams and rivers in Korea. In the 1960s prior to industrialization and urbanization, most of the streams were consisted of sands and gravels, what we call, 'White River'. Owing to dam construction, stream maintenance, etc. carried out since the '70s, the characteristic of flow duration and sediment transport have been disturbed resulting in the abundance of vegetation in the waterfront, that is, 'Green River' is under progress. This study purposed to identify the correlation among water level, water temperature, rainfall, soil moisture and soil texture out of the factors which give an effect on the vegetation recruitment on the sand bar of unregulated stream. To this purpose, this study selected the downstream of Naeseong Stream, one of sand rivers in Korea, as the river section for test and conducted the monitoring and analysis for 289 days. In addition, this study analyzed the aerial photos taken from 1970 to 2009 in order to identify the aged change in vegetation from the past to the present. The range of the tested river section was 361 m in transverse length and about 2 km in longitudinal length. According to the survey analysis, the tested river section in Naeseong Stream was a gaining river showing the higher underground-water level by 20~30 m compared to Stream water level. The difference in the underground water temperature was less than $5^{\circ}C$ by day and season and the Stream temperature did not fall to $10^{\circ}C$ and less from May when the vegetation germination begins in earnest. The impact factor on soil moisture was the underground water level in the lower layer and the rainfall in the upper layer and it was found that all the upper and lower layer were influenced by soil particle size. The soil from surface to 1 m-underground out of 6 soil moisture-measured points was sand with the $D_{50}$ size of 0.07~1.37 mm and it's assumed that the capillary height possible in the particle size would reach around 14~43 cm. On the other hand, according to the result of space analysis on the tested river section of unregulated stream for 40 years, it was found that the artificial disturbance and drought promoted the vegetation recruitment and the flooding resulted in the frequency extinction of vegetation communities. Even though the small and large scales of recruitment and extinction in vegetation have been repeated since 1970, the present vegetation area increased clearly compared to the past. It's found that the vegetation area is gradually increasing over time.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.267-271
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• 2013

Test bed studies with highly efficient amine $CO_2$ solvent (KoSol-4) developed by KEPCO research institute were performed. For the first time in Korea, evaluation of post-combustion $CO_2$ capture technology to capture 2 ton $CO_2$/day from a slipstream of the flue gas from a coal-fired power station was performed. Also the analysis of solvent regeneration energy was conducted to suggest the reliable performance data of the KoSol-4 solvent. For this purpose, we have tested 5 campaigns changing the operating conditions of the solvent flow rate and the stripper pressure. The overall results of these campaigns showed that the $CO_2$ removal rate met the technical guideline ($CO_2$ removal rate: 90%) suggested by IEA-GHG and that the regeneration energy of the KoSol-4 showed about 3.0~3.2 GJ/$tCO_2$ which was, compared to that of the commercial solvent MEA (Monoethanolamine), about 25% reduction of regeneration energy. Based on these results, we could confirm the good performance of the KoSol-4 solvent and the $CO_2$ capture process developed by KEPCO research institute. And also it was expected that the cost of $CO_2$ avoided could be reduced drastically if the KoSol-4 is applied to the commercial scale $CO_2$ capture plant.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2017

The deep learning framework is software designed to help develop deep learning models. Some of its important functions include "automatic differentiation" and "utilization of GPU". The list of popular deep learning framework includes Caffe (BVLC) and Theano (University of Montreal). And recently, Microsoft's deep learning framework, Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit, was released as open-source license, following Google's Tensorflow a year earlier. The early deep learning frameworks have been developed mainly for research at universities. Beginning with the inception of Tensorflow, however, it seems that companies such as Microsoft and Facebook have started to join the competition of framework development. Given the trend, Google and other companies are expected to continue investing in the deep learning framework to bring forward the initiative in the artificial intelligence business. From this point of view, we think it is a good time to compare some of deep learning frameworks. So we compare three deep learning frameworks which can be used as a Python library. Those are Google's Tensorflow, Microsoft's CNTK, and Theano which is sort of a predecessor of the preceding two. The most common and important function of deep learning frameworks is the ability to perform automatic differentiation. Basically all the mathematical expressions of deep learning models can be represented as computational graphs, which consist of nodes and edges. Partial derivatives on each edge of a computational graph can then be obtained. With the partial derivatives, we can let software compute differentiation of any node with respect to any variable by utilizing chain rule of Calculus. First of all, the convenience of coding is in the order of CNTK, Tensorflow, and Theano. The criterion is simply based on the lengths of the codes and the learning curve and the ease of coding are not the main concern. According to the criteria, Theano was the most difficult to implement with, and CNTK and Tensorflow were somewhat easier. With Tensorflow, we need to define weight variables and biases explicitly. The reason that CNTK and Tensorflow are easier to implement with is that those frameworks provide us with more abstraction than Theano. We, however, need to mention that low-level coding is not always bad. It gives us flexibility of coding. With the low-level coding such as in Theano, we can implement and test any new deep learning models or any new search methods that we can think of. The assessment of the execution speed of each framework is that there is not meaningful difference. According to the experiment, execution speeds of Theano and Tensorflow are very similar, although the experiment was limited to a CNN model. In the case of CNTK, the experimental environment was not maintained as the same. The code written in CNTK has to be run in PC environment without GPU where codes execute as much as 50 times slower than with GPU. But we concluded that the difference of execution speed was within the range of variation caused by the different hardware setup. In this study, we compared three types of deep learning framework: Theano, Tensorflow, and CNTK. According to Wikipedia, there are 12 available deep learning frameworks. And 15 different attributes differentiate each framework. Some of the important attributes would include interface language (Python, C ++, Java, etc.) and the availability of libraries on various deep learning models such as CNN, RNN, DBN, and etc. And if a user implements a large scale deep learning model, it will also be important to support multiple GPU or multiple servers. Also, if you are learning the deep learning model, it would also be important if there are enough examples and references.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.605-610
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• 2011

Phase holdup characteristics of relatively large and small bubbles were investigated in a three-phase(gasliquid-solid) fluidized bed of which diameter was 0.105 m(ID) and 2.5 m in height, respectively. Effects of gas(0.01~0.07 m/s) and liquid velocities(0.01~0.07 m/s) and particle size($0.5{\sim}3.0{\times}10^{-3}m$) on the holdups of relatively large and small bubbles were determined. The holdups of two kinds of bubbles in three phase fluidized beds were estimated by means of static pressure drop method with the knowledge of pressure drops corresponding to each kind of bubble, respectively, which were obtained by dynamic gas disengagement method. Dried and filtered air which was regulated by gas regulator, tap water and glass bead of which density was $2500kg/m^3$ were served as a gas, a liquid and a fluidized solid phase, respectively. The two kinds of bubbles in three-phase fluidized beds, relatively large and small bubbles, were effectively detected and distinguished by measuring the pressure drop variation after stopping the gas and liquid flow into the column as a step function: The increase slope of pressure drop with a variation of elapsed time was quite different from each other. It was found that the holdup of relatively large bubbles increased with increasing gas velocity but decreased with liquid velocity. However, the holdup showed a local minimum with a variation of size of fluidized solid particles. The holdup of relatively small bubbles increased with an increase in the gas velocity or solid particle size, while it decreased slightly with an increase in the liquid velocity. The holdups of two kinds of bubbles were well correlated in terms of operating variables within this experimental conditions, respectively.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.95-115
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• 2019

In the context of today's business environment, not only is the nation or company's credit rating considered very important in our recent society, but it is also becoming important in international transactions. Likewise, at this point of time when the importance and reliability of credit evaluation are becoming important at home and abroad, this study analyzes financial ratios related to corporate profitability, safety, activity, financial growth, and profit growth to study the impact of financial indicators on enterprise value and corporate taxes on credit evaluation. To proceed with this, the financial ratio of 465 companies of KOSPI securities listed in 2017 was calculated and the impact of enterprise value and corporate taxes on credit evaluation was analyzed. Especially, this further study tried to derive a reliable and consistent conclusion by analyzing the financial data of KOSPI securities listed companies for eight years from 2011, which is the first year of K-IFRS introduction, to 2018. Research has shown that the significance levels among variables that show the profitability, safety, activity, financial growth, and profit growth of each financial ratio were significant at the 99% level, except for the profit growth. Validation of the research hypothesis found that while the profitability of KOSPI-listed companies significantly affects corporate value and income tax, indicators such as safety ratio and growth ratio do not significantly affect corporate value and income tax. Activity ratio resulted in significant effects on the value of enterprise value but not significant impacts on income taxes. In addition, it was found that the enterprise value has a significant effect on the company's credit and corporate income taxes, and that corporate income taxes also have a significant effect on the corporate credit evaluation, and this also shows that there is a mediating function of corporate tax. And as a result of further study, when looking at the financial ratio for eight years from 2011 to 2018, it was found that two variables, KARA and LTAX, are significant at a 1% significant level to KISC, whereas LEVE variables is not significant to KISC. The limitation of this study is that credit rating score and financial score cannot be said to be reliable indicators that investors in the capital market can normally obtain, compared to ranking criteria for corporate bonds or corporate bills directly related to capital procurement costs of enterprise. Above all, it is necessary to develop credit rating score and financial score reflecting financial indicators such as business cash flow or net assets market value and non-financial indicators such as industry growth potential or production efficiency.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.20-31
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• 2005

Three dimensional Monte-Carlo simulations of non-ergodic transport of a lion-reactive solute plume by steady-state groundwater flow under a uniform mean velocity in isotropic heterogeneous aquifers were conducted. The log-normally distributed hydraulic conductivity, K(x), is modeled as a random field. Significant efforts are made to reduce tile simulation uncertainties. Ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of the plume and plume centroid variances were simulated with 1600 Monte Carlo runs for three variances of log K, ${\sigma}_Y^2=0.09,\;0.23$, and 0.46, and three dimensionless lengths of line plume sources normal to the mean velocity. The simulated second spatial moment and the plume centroid variance in longitudinal direction fit well to the first order theoretical results while the simulated transverse moments are generally larger than the first order results. The first order theoretical results significantly underestimated the simulated dimensionless transverse moments for the aquifers of large ${\sigma}_Y^2$ and large dimensionless time. The ergodic condition for the second spatial moments is far from reaching in all cases simulated, and transport In transverse directions may reach ergodic condition much slower than that in longitudinal direction. The evolution of the contaminant transported in a heterogeneous aquifer is not affected by the shape of the initial plume but affected mainly by the degree of the heterogeneity and the size of the initial plume.