• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.310-312
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• 2005

An out-of-step condition results from the loss of the synchronism of the generators. A disturbance in a power system causes the generator angle to oscillate. When there is a severe disturbance such as a heavy current fault loss of major generation or loss of a large block of load the oscillation can be severe and even increase largely and finally the out-of-step condition may occur During the power swing and out-of-step conditions, the a apparent impedance at a relay location changes, and the power flow also changes as the angle difference is varied. This paper presents a method to analyze the trajectory of complex power during a power swing and out-of-step condition. The trajectory of the complex power is analyzed when a power swings and a fault occurs. Moreover, the complex power is analyzed when the ratios between the voltages at both sides and the line impedances are changed. These methods are verified through simulation using the ATP/EMTP MODELS.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2001

This paper introduces the physical phenomena involved in Direct Contact Heat Exchangers (DCHXs) and also investigates the possibility of applying of EIT(Electrical Impedance Tomography) technique for capturing the images of dispersed phases as they stream through a stagnant body of water. A number of cases are studied where two dimensional cross-sectional static images are given for fictitious and actual masses present in a column of water(saline solution). In most direct contact liquid-liquid heat exchangers, oil or hydrocarbon with a density different(lighter or heavier) from water is normally used as dispersed working fluid. The main difficulty that arises with this arrangement lies in the elucidation of complicated flow field where the dispersed phase fluid tends to change its shape and size constantly during its journey through the other phase(water). This paper presents a number of results with different types of dispersed phases that are immiscible with water. The EIT technique has been employed in this context to test its applicability in capturing the dynamic images of dispersed phases. It shows static images of dispersed phases where dynamic images could be obtained by simply extending the algorithms and strategies employed in the present analysis.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.568-576
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• 2002

This paper presents a new algorithm for the enhancement of voltage stability by optimal routing (OR) technique. A new voltage stability index (VSI) for optimal routing is also proposed by using theories of critical transmission path based on voltage phasor approach and equivalent impedance method. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm automatically detect the critical transmission path to critical transmission path to critical load which are faced to voltage collapse due to additional real or reactive loading. We also adopt a improved branch exchange (IBE) algorithm based on a tie branch power (TBP) flow equation to apply the OR technique. The proposed IBE algorithm for the VSI maximizing can effectively search the optimal topological structures of distribution feeders by changing the open/closed states of the sectionalizing and tie switches. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated with the practical IEEE 32, 69 bus test systems and KEPCO 148 bus test system to show favorable performance.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1163-1168
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• 2009

The power quality of wind energy becomes more and more important in connecting wind-farms to the grid, especially weak grid. This paper presents the simulation of a wind farm of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Flicker mitigation is performed by using PMSG as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC). A benefit of the measure is that integrating two function of to control the active power flow and to reduce the voltage flicker in a wind farm. Simulation results show that controlling PMSG is an effective and economic measure in reducing the flicker during continuous operation of grid connected wind turbines regardless of short circuit capacity ratio, turbulence intensity and grid impedance angle.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.387-394
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• 2013

As the feature size of integrated circuits continues to decrease, the challenge of achieving an oxidation-free exposed layer after photoresist (PR) stripping is becoming a critical issue for semiconductor device fabrication. In this article, the hydrogen plasma characteristics in direct plasma and the PR stripping rate in remote plasma were studied using a $120{\Phi}$ cylindrical inductively coupled plasma source. E mode, H mode and E-H mode transitions were observed, which were defined by matching the $V_{rms}$ and total impedance. In addition, the dependence of the E-H mode transition on pressure was examined and the corresponding plasma instability regions were identified. The plasma density and electron temperature increased gradually under the same process conditions. In contrast, the PR stripping rate decreased with increasing proportion of $H_2$ gas in mixed $H_2/N_2$ plasma. The decrease in concentration of reactive radicals for the removal of PR with increasing $H_2$ gas flow rate suggests that NH radicals have a dominant effect as the main volatile product.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.17 no.1 s.118
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• pp.55-64
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• 2007

In the built-up structure consisting of a stiff beam and a flexible plate, Grice showed that the plate behaves as an energy absorber in narrow frequency bands(called plate blocking effect). This paper deals with such beam-plate coupled structures, where the plate is an energy absorber and the excited beam is an energy path. It is found that such energy dissipation can occur in the relatively broad bands, if different stiffnesses are used in the rectangular plate. It was experimentally verified by Heckl that the energies in terms of one-third octave band averages transferred to the plate(or dissipated in the plate) increase for increased plate damping. This Paper, however, shows that the energy absorption suddenly reduces at the certain narrow frequency bands where the plate damping effect upon the coupled beam is maximum. Also, in order to minimize energy transfer through the beam in terms of one-third octave band averages, it is advantageous to increase the plate damping closer to the excitation point All these results are based on the wane method.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2018

This study investigates a bidirectional quasi-Z-source inverter (Bq-ZSI) system with bidirectional power transfer capability and a modified space vector modulation scheme for reducing the ripple of the inductor current. By replacing the diode in the impedance network with an active switch, the power flow can be bidirectional. The average inductor current of the Bq-ZSI network is negative in the regenerative braking mode, thereby regenerating the power. In addition, modified space vector modulation scheme is applied to the Bq-ZSI to control shoot-through time effectively. A 5 kW prototype is built and tested to implement the proposed system. Experimental results show that the Bq-ZSI system is capable of regenerative braking of the induction motor and that the modified space vector modulation method is efficient.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.559-570
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• 2004

A computational fluid dynamics model for predicting moderator circulation inside the Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU) reactor vessel has been developed to estimate the local subcooling of the moderator in the vicinity of the calandria tubes. The buoyancy effect induced by the internal heating is accounted for by the Boussinesq approximation. The standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model with logarithmic wall treatment is applied to predict the turbulent jet flows from the inlet nozzles. The matrix of the calandria tubes in the core region is simplified to a porous media in which the anisotropic hydraulic impedance is modeled using an empirical correlation of pressure loss. The governing equations are solved by DFX-4.4, a commercial CFD code developed by AEA technology. The resultant flow patterns of the constant-z slices containing the inlet nozzles and the outlet port are "mined-type", as observed in the former 2-dimensional experimental investigations. With 103% full power for conservatism, the maximum temperature of the moderator is $82.9^{\circ}C$ at the top of the core region. Considering the hydrostatic pressure change, the minimum subcooling is $24.8^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2016

Anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), consisting of Ni+YSZ anode, YSZ electrolyte, and LSM+YSZ cathode, were fabricated and constant current tested with direct internal reforming of methane (steam to carbon ratio ~ 2) as well as hydrogen fuel at $800^{\circ}C$. The cell, operated under direct internal reforming conditions, showed relatively rapid degradation (~ 1.6 % voltage drop) for 95 h; the cells with hydrogen fuel operated stably for 170 h. Power density and impedance spectra were also measured before and after the tests, and post-test analyses were conducted on the anode parts using SEM / EDS. The results indicate that the performance degradation of the cell operated with internal reforming can be attributed to carbon depositions on the anode, which increase the resistance against anode gas transport and deactivate the Ni catalyst. Thus, the present study shows that direct internal reforming SOFCs cannot be stably operated even under the condition of S/C ratio of ~ 2, probably due to non-uniform mixture (methane and steam) gas flow.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.2007-2016
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• 2011

In this paper, a new algorithm for alleviating overloads in power networks by the use of line power tracing and sensitivity is proposed to perform line switching and bus separation effectively. Also, a new bus separation index based on line power tracing is presented to find the bus to be separated for relieving overloads effectively. By applying the sensitivity of the line flow with respect to the change of the line impedance, both switching-on and switching-off of the lines for alleviating overloads in power networks are performed systematically at once. The number of the considered cases for line switching and bus separation can be greatly reduced and the best combination of line switching and bus separation can be acquired efficiently by the use of the sensitivity and the bus separation index. In order to show the effects of this algorithm, it is applied to a small scale power system of IEEE 39-bus system and practical power systems of KEPCO.