• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.123-148
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• 2013

The nonlinear finite element method with eight noded isoparametric quadrilateral element for concrete and two noded element for reinforcement is used for the prediction of the behavior of reinforcement concrete structures. The disturbed state concept (DSC) including the hierarchical single surface (HISS) plasticity model with associated flow rule with modifications is used to characterize the constitutive behavior of concrete both in compression and in tension which is named DSC/HISS-CT. The HISS model is applied to shows the plastic behavior of concrete, and DSC for microcracking, fracture and softening simulations of concrete. It should be noted that the DSC expresses the behavior of a material element as a mixture of two interacting components and can include both softening and stiffening, while the classical damage approach assumes that cracks (damage) induced in a material treated acts as a void, with no strength. The DSC/HISS-CT is a unified model with different mechanism, which expresses the observed behavior in terms of interacting behavior of components; thus the mechanism in the DSC is much different than that of the damage model, which is based on physical cracks which has no strength and interaction with the undamaged part. This is the first time the DSC/HISS-CT model, with the capacity to account for both compression and tension yields, is applied for concrete materials. The DSC model allows also for the characterization of non-associative behavior through the use of disturbance. Elastic perfectly plastic behavior is assumed for modeling of steel reinforcement. The DSC model is validated at two levels: (1) specimen and (2) practical boundary value problem. For the specimen level, the predictions are obtained by the integration of the incremental constitutive relations. The FE procedure with DSC/HISS-CT model is used to obtain predictions for practical boundary value problems. Based on the comparisons between DSC/HISS-CT predictions, test data and ANSYS software predictions, it is found that the model provides highly satisfactory predictions. The model allows computation of microcracking during deformation leading to the fracture and failure; in the model, the critical disturbance, Dc, identifies fracture and failure.

• 지질공학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2016

흙의 전단특성을 조사하기 위하여 다양한 전단시험장치가 사용되고 있다. 특히 흙의 무한변형에 따른 잔류전단강도(residual shear strength)를 측정하고자 할 경우 링전단시험장치가 사용된다. 본 연구는 배수, 압밀 및 전단속도 제어가 가능한 비배수전단강도 측정용 링전단시험장치를 사용하여 전단동안 발생하는 누수현상(water leakage)이 전단특성에 미치는 영향성에 대하여 조사하였다. 실험은 비배수조건에서 동일한 수직응력(50 kPa)을 재하하고 전단속도(0.01, 0.1, 1 mm/sec)를 3단계로 구분하여 적용하였다. 실험결과에 따르면, 동일한 수직응력에서 비배수전단강도는 전단속도에 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 상대적으로 낮은 전단속도(V = 0.01 mm/sec)에서는 변형률 경화 거동(strain hardening behavior)을 보였고 상대적으로 높은 전단속도(V ≥ 0.1 mm/sec)에서는 변형률 연화 거동(strain softening behavior)을 보였다. 시험기 성능평가를 통하여 누수가 발생할 경우 전단속도 크기에 관계없이 전단응력은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 누수가 크면 클수록 전단응력이 증가된다. 이러한 실험결과는 전단동안 발생하는 누수로 인한 흙 입자의 재배열과 다짐도의 증가에 따른 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 육안조사 및 반복적인 포화와 압밀과정을 통하여 실험오차를 최소화할 수 있는 작업이 필요하다.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2014

A technique based on the finite element method (FEM) is used in the simulation of metal cutting process. This offers the advantages of the prediction of the cutting force, the stresses, the temperature, the tool wear, and optimization of the cutting condition, the tool shape and the residual stress of the surface. However, the accuracy and reliability of prediction depend on the flow stress of the workpiece. There are various models which describe the relationship between the flow stress and the strain. The Johnson-Cook model is a well-known material model capable of doing this. Low-alloy steel is developed for a dry storage container for used nuclear fuel. Related to this, a process analysis of the plastic machining capability is necessary. For a plastic processing analysis of machining or forging, there are five parameters that must be input into the Johnson-Cook model in this paper. These are (1) the determination of the strain-hardening modulus and the strain hardening exponent through a room-temperature tensile test, (2) the determination of the thermal softening exponent through a high-temperature tensile test, (3) the determination of the cutting forces through an orthogonal cutting test at various cutting speeds, (4) the determination of the strain-rate hardening modulus comparing the orthogonal cutting test results with FEM results. (5) Finally, to validate the Johnson-Cook material parameters, a comparison of the room-temperature tensile test result with a quasi-static simulation using LS-Dyna is necessary.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.277-285
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• 2014

The effects of processing parameters on the flow behavior and microstructures were investigated in hot compression of powder metallurgy (P/M) Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The alloy was fabricated by a blended elemental (B/E) approach and it exhibited lamellar ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ microstructure. The hot compression tests were performed in the range of temperature $800-1000^{\circ}C$ with $50^{\circ}C$ intervals, strain rate $10^{-4}-10s^{-1}$, and strain up to 0.5. At $800-950^{\circ}C$, continuous flow softening after a peak stress was observed with strain rates lower than $0.1s^{-1}$. At strain rates higher than $1s^{-1}$, rapid drop in flow stress with strain hardening or broad oscillations was recorded. The processing map of P/M Ti-6Al-4V was designed based on the compression test and revealed the peak efficiency at $850^{\circ}C$ and $0.001s^{-1}$. As the processing temperature increased, the volume fraction of ${\beta}$ phase was increased. In addition, below $950^{\circ}C$, the globularization of phase at the slower strain rate and kinking microstructures were found. Based on these data, the preferred working condition of the alloy may be in the range of $850-950^{\circ}C$ and strain rate of $0.001-0.01s^{-1}$.

• 멤브레인
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 경도 이온의 화학적 침전을 위하여 지하수에 과량의 Lime-Soda ash를 주입하여 플럭(floc)을 형성한 다음 침전과정을 십자흐름(Crossflow) 방식의 관형 세라믹 분리막을 이용한 한외여과(UF) 공정으로 대체하였다. 그 결과 두유 포장팩 세척수로 사용하고 있는 지하수의 총경도를 10 mg/L as $CaCO_3$ 이하로 감소시킬 수 있었다. 한편, TMP(Trans-membrane pressure) 및 유량 변화 실험에서 투과선속(Permeate flux, J) 및 무차원한 투과선속($J/J_0$) 변화를 조사하여, TMP 및 유량이 무기물로 형성된 응집 플럭에 의한 막오염에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 그 결과, 본 실험 범위에서 TMP 및 유량 변화가 막오염과 총경도 제거율에 미치는 영향은 거의 없었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 지반침식 및 연행작용을 고려한 토석류 해석을 위한 모델을 개발하였으며, 이를 대변형 3차원 유한요소 해석을 통해 거동을 분석하였다. 지반침식 및 연행작용을 고려한 토석류 해석 모델은 토석류에 의한 지반의 변형속도에 따른 전단강도 감소를 고려하였으며, 대변형 해석은 Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL)기법을 이용하였다. 모델의 적정성을 확인하기 위하여 지반침식 및 연행작용을 고려한 실내실험(Mangeny et al., 2010)을 모사하여 거동을 비교하였으며, 또한 실제 발생한 우면산 래미안 유역의 토석류를 대상으로 연행작용을 고려한 해석과 고려하지 않은 해석 결과를 비교함으로써 연행작용에 따른 토석류의 거동 및 피해영향 범위를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 실내 모형실험의 결과를 적절히 모사할 수 있었으며, 실제 유역규모의 해석에서도 토석류의 흐름에 의해 원지반의 침식 및 연행작용을 모사할 수 있었으며 연행작용으로 인해 유하부로 흘러내려오는 토석류의 체적과 속도가 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이로 인하여 본 연구에서 제안한 해석 모델은 지반의 침식 및 연행작용을 고려하여 토석류의 속도, 토석류의 규모 및 피해 면적을 적절히 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2007

열적으로 민감한 재료의 소성 변형에 있어서, 전단력에 의한 전단밴드(shear band)는 많은 공학적인 재료에서 관찰되고 있으며 전단밴드의 형성이 가속화됨에 따라 밴드의 변화량이 많고 폭이 좁은 국부화(localization) 현상이 발생하게 되는데, 이는 가공물에 치명적인 파단을 가져올 수 있는 현상이다. 본 연구에서는 텅스텐 중합금(tungsten heavy alloy, WHA)의 관통 메커니즘을 분석하기 위해 높은 변형률의 조건하에서 관찰될 수 있는 전단밴드(shear band)의 형성과 국부화 현상에 대하여 열적 조건을 고려하여, 고속변형률에서 다결정 금속의 전단밴드 구성에 기초를 둔 메커니즘을 수치적으로 연구하였다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제24권
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• pp.28-35
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• 2017

We demonstrated an effective way of preparing melt spinnable mesophase pitches via catalytic hydrogenation of petroleum residue (fluidized catalytic cracking-decant oil) and their subsequent thermal soaking. The mesophase pitches thus obtained were analyzed in terms of their viscosity, elemental composition, solubility, molecular weight, softening point and optical texture. We found that zeolite-induced catalytic hydrogenation under high hydrogen pressure contributed to a large variation in the properties of the pitches. As the hydrogen pressure increased, the C/H ratio decreased, and the solubility in n-hexane increased. The mesophase pitch with entirely anisotropic domains of flow texture exhibited good meltspinnability. The mesophase carbon fibers obtained from the catalytically hydrogenated petroleum residue showed moderate mechanical properties.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.395-403
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• 2000

Formation of Shear Band under the adiabatic condition is widely observed In the engineering materials during rapidly forming process lot a thermally rate-dependent material. The shear band stems from evolution of a narrow region in which an intensive plastic flow occurs. The shear band often plays a role of a precursor of the ductile fracture during a forming process. The objective of this study is to investigate the localization behavior using numerical method. In this work, the implicit finite difference scheme is employed due to the ease of convergence and the numerical stability It is noted that physical and mechanical properties of materials determine how the shear band is formed and then localized. Material properties can be characterized with inertia number dissipation number and diffusion number. It is observed that the dimensionless numbers effect on localization. Using a parametric study, comparison was made between CRS-1018 steel with WHA (tungsten heavy alloy). The deformation behavior of material in this study include an isotropic hardening as well as thermal softening. Moreover, this study suggests that a kinematic hardening constitutive relation be required to predict a more accurate strain level at a shear band.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1984

The influence of weld defect, residual stress and microstructure on the Low Cycle Fatigue(L. C. F.) behaviour of AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel weldment has been studied. The specimens were welded by shielded metal are welding process, post weld heat treated(PWHT) at 900.deg.C for 1.5hrs, and tested under total strain controlled condition at room temperature. The results of the experiment showed that weld defect affected the L.C.F. behaviour of weldment deleteriously compared to the residual stress or microstructure, and it reduced the L.C.F. life about 70-80%. The PWHT exhibited beneficial effect on the L.C.F. behaviour and increased the L.C.F. life about 120%. This enhancement by PWHT was attributed to the removal of residual stress and recovery of weld metal ductility. The cyclic stress flow of as welded specimens showed intermediate cyclic softening, whereas those of heat treated specimens showed continuous cyclic hardening, and this difference was explained in terms of the residual stress removal and dislocation behaviour. Scanning electron microscopy studies of fatigue fracture surface showed that weld defects of large size and near weld surface were detrimental to the L.C.F. behaviour of weldment.