• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of housing systems on physiological and immunological responses as stress indicators in laying hens. A total of 500 White Leghorn aged 16 weeks were allotted into ten conventional cages (10 birds/cage and 810 $cm^2$/bird) and four floor pens (100 birds/pen and 2,800 $cm^2$/bird) for 24 weeks. The hens housed in conventional cages with higher stocking density resulted in a significantly (P<0.05) lower BW compared with those housed in floor pens with lower stocking density without affecting the relative weights of immune organs between housing conditions. In plasma biochemical values, cholesterol and corticosterone were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the hens housed in floor pens compared with those housed in conventional cages. In pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatic interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the hens housed in conventional cages compared with those kept in floor pens. Splenic and thymic IFN-${\gamma}$ expression was significantly (P<0.05) up-regulated in the hens kept in conventional cages compared with those kept in floor pens without affecting IL-1, IL-10, lipopolysaccharide- induced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ factor (LITAF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In the bursa of Fabricius, IL-10 and iNOS expression of the hens housed in conventional cages were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with those of the hens housed in floor pens. In conclusion, layers housed in conventional cages enhanced plasma cholesterol, corticosterone and some pro-inflammatory cytokines in the immune organs compared with those in floor pens.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.509-513
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• 1991

Preliminary survey on the prevalence of swine internal parasites was carried out at 91 pens of 4 piggeries being operated by the sawdust fermentation floor system in Kyunggi province. To investigate the effects of viability of eggs., larva and cysts, temperatures at the underlayer of the sawdust floor and rooms of pens were taken three times a day for 8 days. In a pig farm which has been operated by the sawdust fermentation floor system for G years, eggs and larva of Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum sp., Hyostrongylus sp. and Strongyloides ransomi were detected from 42(70.0%) among 60 pens. Cysts and oocysts of coccidia, Balantidium coli, Entamoeba sp. were also detected from 50(83.3%) among 60 pens. In three pig farms which have been operated by the sawdust fermentation floor system for one year, eggs and larva of nematoda were not detected at all, and the contamination rates of protozoan cysts and oocysts was relatively low situation. The change of the temperature in the pig room was variable according to outside condition, whereas that in underfloor was consistently stable between $28^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$ which was strictly suitable for the development of eggs, larva and cysts.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2020

본 연구는 케이지 사육과 평사 사육 형태에 따른 닭의 스트레스 반응 정도와 이들의 생산능력을 비교하고자 한 것이다. 시험은 단관백색레그혼 종 암컷 491수를 대상으로 하여 34주령부터 43주령까지 10주 동안 이들의 생산 특성을 조사하고, 스트레스 반응 지표들을 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 생존율, 산란율 및 체중은 평사 사육군과 케이지 사육군 간의 차이가 없었고, 난중을 포함한 난각색, 난각무게 및 난백고 등 일부 난질은 케이지 사육 개체들이 평사 사육 개체들과 비교해 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 백혈구 세포들의 텔로미어 함량 분석 결과, 평사 사육 개체들이 케이지 사육 개체들보다 유의하게 높은 텔로미어 함유율을 보였지만(P<0.05), H/L ratio 값은 케이지 사육 개체들이 평사 사육 개체들에 비해 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). HSP-70, HSP-90α 및 HSP-90β 유전자 발현율에 있어, 모든 HSP 유전자 발현율이 케이지 사육개체들이 평사 사육 개체들에 비해 다소 상승한 것으로 나타났으나, HSP-90β의 발현율을 제외하고 사육 형태 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또한, 세포 내 DNA 손상률 분석에서도 케이지 사육 개체들의 모든 comet 지표들이 평사 사육 개체들보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 이상의 결과로부터 케이지 사육과 평사 사육 간에 개체들의 생산능력의 차이는 없는 것으로 보이나, 모든 스트레스 반응 정도 분석에서 케이지 사육 개체들이 평사 사육 개체들에 비해 높은 스트레스 지표 값을 나타내었다. 따라서 백색레그혼 종에 있어 생산능력과는 무관하게 케이지 사육 형태가 평사 사육 형태보다 더욱 높은 스트레스적 환경인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2011

계사 사육 형태에 따른 닭의 스트레스 정도를 알아보기 위하여 단관백색레그혼종을 대상으로 케이지 사육 및 평사 사육으로 관리 후 이들의 생산 능력과 스트레스 관련 표지를 비교 분석하였다. 개체의 생산 능력에 있어 생존율, 산란 지수, 난중 및 체중은 평사 사육군이 케이지 사육군에 비해 유의하게 높은 성적을 보였고, 반면 초산 일령 및 난질의 경우 케이지 사육군이 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 사육 형태에 따른 닭의 스트레스 관련 표지로 형광접합보인법에 의한 텔로미어 함량 분석 및 comet assay에 의한 DNA 손상율을 비교 분석하였다. 텔로미어 함량 분석 결과, 혈액 세포 및 신장, 비장 세포의 경우 평사 사육군이 케이지 사육군에 비해 유의하게 높은 텔로미어 함유율을 보이고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 이의 차이는 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. DNA 손상율은 케이지 사육군이 평사 사육군에 비해 유의하게 높은 손상율을 나타내어 케이지 사육이 평사 사육에 비해 훨씬 높은 스트레스 상태임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 생존율을 포함한 생산 능력과 스트레스 표지 분석 결과, 산란계에 있어 케이지 사육 방식이 평사 사육 방식보다 개체들에게 생리적 스트레스 요인이 상대적으로 큰 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to increased breeding area in same size pig pen and growth performance of weaning pigs. A total of 330 crossbred ($6.68{\pm}0.36kg$) weaning pigs were subjected to a 42-day feeding trial(3 pens/treatment) in which effects of the semi-floor were compared : NC; Negative control ($0.23m^2/pig$; 40 pigs/pen), PC; Positive control($0.30m^2/pig$; 30 pigs/pen) and Semi-floor($0.30m^2/pig$; 40 pigs/pen). There was a significant effect on BW at 6 week along all treatment(P<0.01). There was a effect of Semi-floor treatment on ADG(average daily gain) only during the first 3 week after weaning(P<0.01). No significant effect was observed in the ADFI during the experiment period. NC treatment had significantly lower BUN value than other treatments(P<0.05). The results from immune and stress response with semi-floor suggest that no negative effects in their blood analysis. Consequently, semi floor treatments increased additional breeding area and also growth performance rather than other treatments in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.452-458
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• 2019

Objective: The study was carried to determine the interaction effects of pen enrichment and sex on behavioral activities, skin lesions and physiology of Windsnyer pigs. Methods: Forty-eight growing Windsnyer pigs of both sex, with an average initial body weight of 21.6 (${\pm}9.01$) kg were used. Four pigs were randomly assigned to either enriched or barren pens at a stocking density of $0.35m^2/pig$. Enriched pens contained 2 L bottles filled with stones and suspended at head level on ropes stretching across the pens. In addition, two plastic balls (90 mm in diameter) and 500 mL bottles (235 mm long) were placed on the floor of each enriched pen. Results: Pigs in barren environments had higher heart rates (p<0.001) than those in enriched pens. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on rectal temperature (p<0.001). Females in enriched pens had higher rectal temperatures (p<0.05) than females in barren pens. There was no interaction of pen environment and sex on time spent eating and drinking (p>0.05). Time spent bullying was influenced (p<0.05) by pen environment and sex. Female pigs in barren environment spent more time on bullying than females in enriched pens. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on time spent lying down and walking (p<0.05). Female pigs in enriched pens spent more time lying down than females in barren pens. Males in barren pens spent more time walking than males in enriched pens while no effect of pen environment was observed in females. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on the number of skin lesions in the head, neck and shoulder region and other parts of the body (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that pen enrichment reduced the number of skin lesions and anti-social behaviors, especially for female pigs. There is a need, therefore of housing indigenous pigs under confinement.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.196-199
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• 2008

The piercing is increasing in western culture, and has also become gradually popular among Korean teenagers recently However, the accident hap-pens sometimes such as loss of a bar into the tongue or mouth floor during the procedure. Because of the rare cases, few treatment of choices can be made when a bar is lost inside the mouth floor. In this case, the bar was removed under fluoroscope, without giving significant damage to the adjacent structure. 18 years old female patient visited the emergency room in our hospital. She attempted to pierce her tongue herself and could not find the bar which was lost in the mouth floor. The radiographs revealed that the needle was somewhere inside the mouth floor, but if incision were to be made it would be too deep to find the bar. The bar was removed through fluoroscope easily. Primary closure was done by 5-0 Vicryl and stitch-off was done 1 week later. The patient didn't have any speech problems and complications.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.681-685
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• 2000

A computer software was developed in our laboratory to automatically control the pigs environment by the image analysis system (IAS), which monitors and analyzes the pig's behavior and feeds the results back to the computer hardware. Three feeding trials were conducted with growing pigs ($L{\times}Y$) to test the effectiveness of the IAS under various seasons. In all three trials, the open-sided conventional pens with half-slatted floor were used as controls; for the IAS treatment, fully-slatted floors were used in the windowless pens. Experiment 1 was conducted in the winter for 30 d with 24 growing pigs. There were two treatments (Conventional vs. IAS), and three pens (replicates) per treatment. During the growing period, the feed efficiency was significantly (p<0.05) improved by the IAS. In addition, the pigs reared under the IAS during the growing period displayed better growth rate during the finishing period than did the pigs reared under the conventional conditions. Experiment 2 was conducted in the summer for 30 d with 24 growing pigs. The experimental design was the same as Experiment 1. During the finishing period, all the pigs were kept in conventional open-sided pens until their market weights to evaluate their carcass characteristics. During the growing period, the growth rate and feed efficiency of the pigs in the IAS was better than those of the control pigs. In addition, various carcass characteristics were significantly improved by the IAS rearing during the growing period. Experiment 3 was conducted with 30 growing pigs for 30 d in the spring. The experimental design was the same as Experiment 1. No difference was found in growing performance between the control and IAS pigs. It could be concluded that the IAS is effective in providing optimum conditions for the growing pigs in summer and winter seasons. In addition, providing an optimum environment during the growing period results in improved growth rate, feed efficiency, and carcass qualities for the finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.974-980
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• 2014

In semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, dehydration can compromise the performance and welfare of local chickens, particularly during the growing period when confinement is curtailed and birds are left to scavenge for feed and water. The effect of water restriction on the growth performance was compared in Naked Neck (NNK) and Ovambo (OVB) chickens that are predominant in Southern Africa. A total of 54 eight-wk-old pullets each of NNK and OVB chickens with an initial average weight of $641{\pm}10g/bird$ were randomly assigned to three water intake treatments, each having six birds for 8 wk. The water restriction treatments were ad libitum, 70% of ad libitum and 40% of ad libitum intake. Nine experimental pens with a floor space of $3.3m^2$ per strain were used. The pens were housed in an open-sided house with cement floor deep littered with a 20 cm layer of untreated wood shavings. Feed was provided ad libitum. Average daily water intake (ADWI), BW at 16 weeks of age (FBW), ADG, ADFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and water to feed ratios (WFR) were determined. Ovambo chickens had superior (p<0.05) FBW, ADG and ADWI than NNK chickens. Body weight of birds at 16 weeks of age, ADG, ADFI, ADWI, and WFR declined progressively (p<0.05) with increasing severity of water restriction while FCR values increased (p<0.05) as the severity of water restriction increased. Naked Neck chickens had better FCR at the 40% of ad libitum water intake level than Ovambo chickens. The dressing percentage per bird was higher in water restricted birds than those on ad libitum water consumption, irrespective of strain. Heart weight was significantly lower in birds on 40% of ad libitum water intake than those on ad libitum and 70% of ad libitum water intake, respectively. In conclusion, NNK chickens performed better than OVB chickens under conditions of water restriction and would be ideal to raise for meat and egg production in locations where water shortages are a major challenge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.384-389
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• 2016

A total of 400, one day-old commercial broiler chicks were divided into five diet groups (negative control, positive control group with 55 ppm Zn-bacitracin, 15 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan, 30 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan, and 60 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan) and fed for six weeks. Ten broilers were allotted to each of 40 floor pens. Eight floor pens were randomly assigned to one of the 5 diets. Each diet was fed to the broilers for 6 weeks with free access to water and diet. The survival rate, growth rate, feed efficiency, and feed conversion rate of the broilers were calculated. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were slaughtered, breast muscles deboned, and quality parameters of the breast meat during storage were determined. The high level of dietary ${\beta}$-glucan (60 ppm) showed better feed conversion ratio and survival rate than the negative control. The survival rate of 60 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan-treated group was the same as that of the antibiotic-treated group, which showed the highest survival rate among the treatments. There was no significant difference in carcass yield, water holding capacity, pH, color, and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of chicken breast meat among the 5 treatment groups. Supplementation of 60 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan to broiler diet improved the survival rate and feed conversion rate of broilers to the same level as 55 ppm Zn-bacitracin group. The result indicated that use of ${\beta}$-glucan (60 ppm) can be a potential alternative to antibiotics to improve the survival and performance of broilers. However, dietary ${\beta}$-glucan showed no effects on the quality parameters of chicken breast meat.