• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

We demonstrated in previous study that protopanaxadiol and protopanxatriol saponins show antinociceptive activity in acetic acid induced writhing test and in the second phase (11-40 min) of formalin test but not tail-flick test. To identify further which ginsenoside has antinociceptive activity among various ginseng saponins, we have investigated antinociceptive effects of several ginsenosides using writhing and formalin test. Ginsenoside Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf induced antinociception in writhing test. These four ginsenosides also induced antinociception in the second phase of formalin (11-40 min) test but these ginsenosides showed a slight antinociception in the first phase (010 min) of formalin test except ginsenoside Rf. The antinociceptive effects induced by the ginsenosides were dose dependent and were not blocked by an opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. The order of antinociceptive potency was Rd > Rc > Re > Rf in the formalin test. However, these ginsenosides did not show any significant analgesic effects in a tail-flick test. These results suggest that ginsenosides such as Rc, Rd, Re, and Rf inhibit tonic pain rather than acute pain induced by noxious heat. These results also indicate that the antinociceptive activity. Induced by ginsenosides may be one of the actions for pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2005

Objectives : to evaluate the analgesic effect of bee venom acupuncture on Choksamni (ST36) in the collagen-induced arthritis rats and investigate the role played by serotonergic receptor subtypes (5-HT1a, 5-HT2a) in the antinociceptive effect of bee venom acupuncture in a thermal hyperalgesia test Methods : Experiments were performed on 5 week-aged 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats according to National Institute of Health guidelines and the ethical guidelines of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Arthritis was induced with arthrogenic collagen emulsion (Bovine type II collagen ${\mu}g$ with incomplete Freund's adjuvant $100\;{\mu}g$). The onset of arthritis was considered to be present when erythema and swelling were detected in at least one joint. The thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated weekly with tail flick test in the rats of severity grade 3 without any injury at tail and foot (including inflammation, ulceration, snap). In the fourth week after first immunization, the analgesic effect of bee venom acupuncture (Choksamni, ST36) was measured with consecutive tail flick latency after intraperitoneal injection of spiroxatrine (1mg/kg) and spiperone (1mg/kg). Results : Chronic inflammatory pain was induced as time elapsed after the immunization of arthrogenic collagen and the maximum value was reached from third to fifth week. Chronic inflammatory pain induced by CIA was inhibited by bee venom acupuncture on the left ST36. The analgesic effect of bee venom acupuncture was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT1a antagonist spiroxatrine and 5-HT2a antagonist spiperone. Conclusions : Therefore, a conclusion. that the analgesic effect of bee venom acupuncture in the chronic inflammatory pain is partially mediated by 5-HT1a and 5-HT2a receptors can be made.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1994

배외측 뇌교의 전기자극은 척수 수준에서 동통의 역치를 증가시키고, 또한 말초로 부터 오는 유해성 자극에 의해 야기되는 척수후각세포의 흥분성을 억제하여 진통효과를 나타낸다. 이러한 진통효과는 noradrdnergic 원심신경을 매개로 한다고 하였지만, 이직까지 이를 직접적으로 뒷받침하는 신경화학적인 증거는 보고되지 않았다. 따라서 본 실험은 뇌교에 위치한 청반핵(Locus coeruleus)의 전기자극시, 척수 수준에서 일어나는 동통조절효과를 쥐꼬리 회피 반사(Tail Flick Reflex)를 이용해 관찰하고, 이러한 동통조절효과는 어떤 신경전달물질을 매개로해서 일어나며, 또한 생체내에서 직접 유리 되는지 살펴보기 위해 Push Pull technique을 이용해 척수액내 noradrenaline의 농도 변화를 HPLC로 측정하였다. 청반핵자극시의 동통조절기전을 알아보기위해 yohimbine, naloxone 그리고 vehicle의 3group 으로 나누어 각 길항제의 효과를 실험하였다. 청반핵 자극시 TF latency의 증가(>6.Ssec)를 보이는 역치 자극강도가 yohimbine $30{\mu}g$을 척수내로 투여한 후에는 $135\;{\mu}A$로서 안정시의 $55\;{\mu}A$에 비해 147% 증가되어 유의한 변화를 보여주었다(P<0.01, n=5). $Naloxone\;20{/mu}g$을 투여한 실험군 에서도 초기 역치자극강도 $54\;{\mu}A$에서 $120\;{\mu}A$로서 123% 증가되어 역시 유의한 변화를 보여주었다(P<0.01, n=5). 그러나 vehicle group에서는 투여 전, 후 역치자극강도의 변화가 없었다. 청반핵 자극이 없는 안정상태에서의 TF latency 값은 모두 3.1 sec였고 yohimbine과 naloxone투여후에는 각각 2.5 sec,2.6sec로 감소되어, 긴장성 억제가 차단되는 것으로 나타났다(각각 P<0.05,P<0.1,n=5).청반핵의 전기자극$(100\;{\mu}A)$은 척수액내 noradrenaline의 농도를 증가시켰으나(평균 4.18mg/ml에서 7.74 ng/ml로, p<0.05, n=10),dopamine의 농도는 증가되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 청반핵 자극에 의한 척수내 동통조절효과는 opioid 계외에 부분적으로 noradrdnaline을 매개로 해서 이루어지며, 이에 관여하는 수용체는 ${\alpha}_2$ 임을 보여주었다.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2003

Previous research on healthcare workers’ protection has concentrated on liquid barrier protection by providing impermeable personal articles such as latex gloves. This property is of high importance but since most blood-borne pathogen transmissions in the healthcare industry are caused by needle-stick injuries, protection from sharp invasive instruments should also be of high concern. And since latex and alike provide no protection against needle-stick injuries, new protective systems need to be developed and evaluated. This part of the study provides a review regarding the current practice of protection and the serious problems that arise from needle-flick injuries. Additionally, the development of new protective system is described. In part II of the study, evaluation of the new system will be provided.

• 약학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 1985

The administraction of ginseng butanol fraction(GBF) inhibited the development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine induced by morphine multiple injections in mice. Each group of mice was injected with morphine hydrochloride (40mg/kg s.c.) three times at 8 hr intervals for a period of 6 days. GBF (25, 50, 100, 200mg/kg) was injected (i.p.) to mice 1hr prior to the third morphine injection daily. Inhibition of morphine tolerance by GBF was evidenced by the increase in analgesic response to morphine hydrochloride (10mg/kg) as estimated by the tail flick method and the reduction in morphine dependence was estimated by the decreased number of the naloxone induced withdrawal jumping mice. Further evidenced that GBF reduced the development of morphine dependence was indicated by the fact that GBF decreased the loss in body weight.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.54-57
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• 1995

The effect of Ruthenium Red on the antinociceptive action of capsaicinoids was investigated using tail-flick test in mice. Capsaicin and KR-25018, when administered subcutaneously, had a potent antinociceptive effect against noxious heat stimulus. Ruthenium Red which is known to block the calcium channel coupled to the capsaicin receptor, when injected intraperitoneally more than 5 mg/kg, showed severe sedation and apparent antinociceptive effect against noxious heat stimulus. The 2.5 mg/kg Ruthenium Red, at which dose any significant sedative effect was not shown, had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of capsaicin and KR-25018. Considering this result, the antinociceptive effect of capsaicinoid may not be related to the Ruthenium Red sensitive calcium channel which is activated by capsaicin.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.91-91
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• 1997

흰쥐의 뒷발바닥에 carragennan(cg)을 피하투여하여 염증성 통증을 유발한 뒤, 그 통증이 최고에 달하는 3시간 뒤 Ach이나 SNP를 동일한 항법으로 투여해서 30분 후 cg유발 통증에 대하여 그 효과를 Randall-Selitto paw pressure test로 검색하였고, 체내 Nitric Oxide Synthase(NOS) 억제제인 L-NAME과 L-NOARG를 용량별로 적용하여 Ach의 진통효과를 억제하는 정도와 Methylene Blue 및 Hemoglobin을 투여해서 SUP효과 억제를 검사하였다. 그리고 척수 지주막하강내로 catheter를 삽입하여 위의 NO donor를 주입하고, NO의 중추신경계에서의 통각전도에 미치는 효과를 Tail-Flick test로 살펴보았다. 끝으로 NO가 가진 급,만성 통각관련효과를 희석한 formalin을 써서 검색하였다. 결 과: Ach과 SNP는 흰쥐에게 말초경로투여시 유의성있는 진통효과를 보였으며, NOS inhibitor와 NO scavenger로 그 효과가 역전되었다. 또한 NOS inhibitor간에는 억제효과가 용량의존성이 유사하게 나타났고, 중추신경계로의 직접투여때는 여러 생리적 조건이 직, 간접으로 관여함이 확인되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1086-1092
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• 2004

In this study, (5-chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolon-3-yl)propanamide derivatives were synthesized. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by their IR and $^1H-NMR$ spectral data and microanalysis. The compounds were tested for anti nociceptive activity by using the tail clip, tail flick, hot plate, and writhing methods. The varying levels of anti nociceptive activity of the compounds were compared with those of dipyrone and aspirin. Among these compounds, compound 5e, 5g, and 5h have been found to be significantly more active than the others and the standards in all the tests.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.124-136
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• 2005

Two popular ethnomedicines of the Onge, a Negrito tribe of Andaman Islands, were evaluated for analgesic and antiinflammatory activity. The methanol extract as well as the different fractions of methanol extract of both Alstonia macrophylla and Mallotus peltatus leaves were studied using Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats. Acetic acid induced writhing, Tail flick and Tail immersion; Carrageenin- and Dextran-induced paw oedema tests were used. Dose-dependent analgesic and antiinflammatory activity were demonstrated for both methanol leaf extracts as well as fractions. Results were highly comparable with that of the standard drug pethidine.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.304-308
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• 1994

Among the new series of phenylacetamides, one of capsaicin derivatives, KR-25018 was found to have a very potent analgesic activity. Thus, the phamacological properties of KR-25018 were compared with those of morphine, capsaicin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The analgesic activities were evaluated in several animal models, using different stimuli, such as phenylbenzoquinone(PBQ)-induced weithing test, tail-filck test in mice and adjuvant arthritic flexion test in rat. The relationship of phamacological properties of KR-25018 to that of centrally acting opioids was assessed by the blocking test using naloxone. The analgesic potency of the KR-25018 $(MPED_{50}=0.89{\;}p.o.{\;}in{\;}PBQ-induced{\;}weithing{\;}test, {\;}MPED_{50}$=0.61$ s.c. in tail-flick test in mice0, with different action mechanism from morphine and NSAIDs, was comparable to that of morphine.