• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2023

Growth responses along the gradient of water temperature, salinity, and light intensity and cytotoxicity against Artemia nauplii were explored using Ostreopsis sp. and Coolia canariensis strains, representing the two potentially toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate (EPD) species from Jeju coastal waters of Korea. Variation in maximum growth rate (GRmax) and maximum biomass yield (Ymax) along the environmental gradients was quite contrasting between the two strains, which appears to be reflected in the in situ abundance distribution of the corresponding genera. The more eurythermal characteristics of Ostreopsis sp. strain were in good agreement with the relative distribution of Ostreopsis spp. and Coolia spp. in 520 macroalgal samples collected from 6 stations. The more stenohaline C. canariensis strain was well matched by a markedly narrower range of salinities in the in situ distribution of Coolia spp. than the salinity range for Ostreopsis species. The differences in light adaptation between the high light-preferring Ostreopsis sp. strain and the more euryphotic C. canariensis strain were remarkably consistent with the distinct vertical profiles of Ostreopsis spp. and Coolia spp. abundance in the red alga Amphiroa sp. off Moom-seom. Cytotoxicity against Artemia nauplii in the Ostreopsis sp. preparation with 1000 cells ml^-1 was similar to that in C. canariensis preparation with 12000 cells ml^-1, which is noteworthy. Thus, the new potential cytotoxicity risks from C. canariensis along with the well-known toxic genus Ostreopsis may be introduced to Jeju coasts, which necessitates further exploration into the contrasting ecological niches occupied by EPD species in relation to their cytotoxicity.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2019

The shore platforms at Dok-do could be an important and clear indicator showing dimensional reduction of Dok-do. Especially flat type shore platforms are distributed in the southern coast of Dok-do island, composed of weak rocks against erosional resistance like interbedded lapilli tuff and massive tuff breccia. The distribution of shore platform is partially related to the wind direction at Dok-do island. The primary SW- and secondary SE winds are representative among wind directions at Dok-do, maintaining from spring to the autumn. Therefore, wide shore platforms could be developed by waves approaching from SW and SE directions in the southern coast of Dok-do. The sea stacks like Gunham-rock, Neopdeok-rock, Keungaje-rock and Jakeungaje-rock on the western coast are also considered to be formed by wave erosion from the SE direction. The shore platforms in the southern coast of Dok-do island were developed since ca. 7,000 yr. BP, when sea level raised almost to the present level. The average extension speed of shore platform was calculated to 4.0mm/y, because the broadest shore platform with the width ca. 28m was extended for ca. 7,000 years. The width's dimension of shore platform at Dok-do reflects a slow extension rate in the present, although erosional process will be faster with the sea level rise in the future.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2006

동기식 검파방식의 공간-시간 블록부호의 완벽한 채널추정은 비용이나 과부하적인 측면에서 비효율적인 문제점을 안고 있다. 차분 공간-시간 부호는 수신 단에서 채널추정이 필요 없는 비동기식 검파 방식이다. 그러나 동기식 검파 방식에 비해 상대적인 성능이 약 3dB 저하된다. 이 상대적인 성능 저하 문제를 해결하기 위해 다중 블록 차분 검파(MD-STC)는 일반적인 2블록 차분 검파 (D-STC)에 비해 성능이 약 1.5dB정도 우수하다. 지금까지 언급한부호들의 채널 환경은 준정적 플랫 페이딩 채널에서 연구가 진행되었다. 본 논문에서는 802.16e시스템에서 실제 무선 채널 환경과 비슷한 도플러 주파수 $(f_d)$를 고려한 시변 페이딩 채널의 영향을 받는 두 차분검파의 성능을 비교하고, 여러 차분 공간-시간 블록 부호를 수식 및 블록도로 고찰하고 성능을 분석한다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 결과로 전송률이 144kbps일 때 이동체의 속도가 200km/hr를 초과하면 다중 블록 차분 검파의 성능이 2블록 차분 검파에 비해 성능이 저하됨을 보인다. 이는 특정 시스템 어플리케이션에서 이동체의 특정 속도를 유추해 봄으로써, 특정 시스템 어플리케이션에서의 이동체 속도의 제한에 따른 알맞은 차분 검파 구조를 선택할 수 있게 된다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.403-412
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• 1995

본 연구에서는 한국 서해 인천 연안의 송도 갯벌 조간대에 서식하는 동죽(Mactra veneriformis)의 성장과 생산을 조사하였다. 표품은 1989년 3월부터 1990년 9월까지 월별로 채집하였다. 각장은 1989년 3월부터 8월까지 단일 규모 모드를 보였보였다. 1989년 9월부터는 1990년 9월부터는 작은 개체들이 출현하기 시작하여 이중모드를 보 였다. 서식밀도는 다소 불규칙적으로 변동하였으나, 대체로 시간이 경과함에 따라 감 소하는 경향을 보였다. 1989 연도군의 서식밀도는 1990년 2월 이후 급격히 증가하였 다. 각장은 봄에 성장이 빠르고, 산란기 이후 여름과 가을에 둔화되며, 겨울에 성장을 멈추었다. 성장률은 연령이 증가될수록 감소하였다. 중량은 산란기 직전에 늦봄에 최 대값을 보이고, 가을에 2차 최대값을 나타내었다. 윤장과 이로부터 역계산한 육질부 건중량으로 연성장을 분석하였다. 각장은 vov bertalanffy 성장 모델에, 건중량은 Gompertz 성장모델에 잘 적합되었다. 1985년군의 L∽가 가장 높고, 1986년 군이 가장 낮았다. 중량의 성장률은 2∼3세에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 1984년군과 1985년군의 W ∽와 성장률이 높았고, 1986년군과 1987년군이 낮았다. 최대성장률이 나타나는 연령은 1986년군과 1987년군이 더 빨랐다. 각장과 중륭의 상대 성장률은 연령에 따라 지수함 수적으로 감소하였다. 육질부 건중량의 생물량은 모든 연령군에서 봄에 높았다가 산란 기 이후 감소하여 겨울에 최저치를 보였다. 생물량은 1990년 8월에 134.6g·m/SUP -2/ 으로 가장 높았다. 1989년도군이 가입한 이후에는 1989년군의 생물량이 총 생물량의 변동을 지배하였다. 1989년 3월부터 1990년 3월까지의 연소연량은 67.9g·m/SUP -2/· y/SUP -1/이었다. 조사기간동안 1989년도군의 누적 생산량이 가장 높았고, 1984년군이 가장 적었다. 생산량은 봄과 가을에 증가하였고, 여름과 겨울에 0의 값을 보였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.65-83
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• 1979

Low-temperature drying systems have been extensively used for drying cereal grain such as shelled corn and wheat. Since the 1973 energy crisis, many researches have been conducted to apply solar energy as supplemental heat to natural air drying systems. However, little research on rough rice drying has been done in this area, especially very little in Korea. In designing a solar drying system, quality loss, airflow requirements, temperature rise of drying air, fan power and energy requirements should be throughly studied. The factors affecting solar drying systems are airflow rate, initial moisture content, the amount of heat added to drying air, fan operation method and the weather conditions. The major objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of the performance factors and determine design parameters such as airflow requirements, optimum bed depth, optimum temperature rise of drying air, fan operation method and collector size. Three hourly observations based on the 4-year weather data in Chuncheon area were used to simulate rough rice drying. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the experimental and predicted values of the temperature rise of the air passing through the collector agreed well. 2. Equilibrium moisture content was affected a little by airflow rate, but affected mainly by the amount of heat added, to drying air. Equilibrium moisture content ranged from 12.2 to 13.2 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 10.4 to 11.7 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in range of 1. 6 to 5. 9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air. 3. Average moisture content when top layer was dried to 15 percent wet basis ranged from 13.1 to 13.9 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 11.9 to 13.4 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in the range of 1.6 to 5.9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air and 18 to 24 percent wet basis initial moisture content. The results indicated that grain was overdried with the intermittent fan operation in any range of temperature rise of drying air. Therefore, the continuous fan operation is usually more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering the overdrying. 4. For the continuous fan operation, the average temperature rise of drying air may be limited to 2.2 to 3. 3 degrees Centigrade considering safe storage moisture level of 13.5 to 14 perceut wet basis. 5. Required drying time decrease ranged from 40 to 50 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 3.9 to 4.3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on required drying time. 6. Required drying time increase ranged from 18 to 30 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content regardless of the fan operation methods, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 7. The intermittent fan operation showed about 36 to 42 percent decrease in required drying time as compared with the continuous fan operation. 8. Drymatter loss decrease ranged from 34 to 46 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 2 to 3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air, regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on drymatter loss. 9. Drymatter loss increase ranged from 50 to 78 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 10. The intermittent fan operation: showed about 40 to 50 percent increase in drymatter loss as compared with the continuous fan operation and the increasing rate was higher at high level of initial moisture and average temperature rise. 11. Year-to-year weather conditions had a little effect on required drying time and drymatter loss. 12. The equations for estimating time required to dry top layer to 16 and 1536 wet basis and drymatter loss were derived as functions of the performance factors. by the least square method. 13. Minimum airflow rates based on 0.5 percent drymatter loss were estimated. Minimum airflow rates for the intermittent fan operation were approximately 1.5 to 1.8 times as much as compared with the continuous fan operation, but a few differences among year-to-year. 14. Required fan horsepower and energy for the intermittent fan operation were 3. 7 and 1. 5 times respectively as much as compared with the continuous fan operation. 15. The continuous fan operation may be more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering overdrying, fan horsepower requirements, and energy use. 16. A method for estimating the required collection area of flat-plate solar collector using average temperature rise and airflow rate was presented.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.64-64
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• 1979

Low-temperature drying systems have been extensively used for drying cereal grain such as shelled corn and wheat. Since the 1973 energy crisis, many researches have been conducted to apply solar energy as supplemental heat to natural air drying systems. However, little research on rough rice drying has been done in this area, especially very little in Korea. In designing a solar drying system, quality loss, airflow requirements, temperature rise of drying air, fan power and energy requirements should be throughly studied. The factors affecting solar drying systems are airflow rate, initial moisture content, the amount of heat added to drying air, fan operation method and the weather conditions. The major objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of the performance factors and determine design parameters such as airflow requirements, optimum bed depth, optimum temperature rise of drying air, fan operation method and collector size. Three hourly observations based on the 4-year weather data in Chuncheon area were used to simulate rough rice drying. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the experimental and predicted values of the temperature rise of the air passing through the collector agreed well.2. Equilibrium moisture content was affected a little by airflow rate, but affected mainly by the amount of heat added, to drying air. Equilibrium moisture content ranged from 12.2 to 13.2 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 10.4 to 11.7 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in range of 1. 6 to 5. 9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air.3. Average moisture content when top layer was dried to 15 percent wet basis ranged from 13.1 to 13.9 percent wet basis for the continuous fan operation, from 11.9 to 13.4 percent wet basis for the intermittent fan operation respectively, in the range of 1.6 to 5.9 degrees Centigrade average temperature rise of drying air and 18 to 24 percent wet basis initial moisture content. The results indicated that grain was overdried with the intermittent fan operation in any range of temperature rise of drying air. Therefore, the continuous fan operation is usually more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering the overdrying.4. For the continuous fan operation, the average temperature rise of drying air may be limited to 2.2 to 3. 3 degrees Centigrade considering safe storage moisture level of 13.5 to 14 perceut wet basis.5. Required drying time decrease ranged from 40 to 50 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 3.9 to 4.3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on required drying time.6. Required drying time increase ranged from 18 to 30 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content regardless of the fan operation methods, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture.7. The intermittent fan operation showed about 36 to 42 percent decrease in required drying time as compared with the continuous fan operation.8. Drymatter loss decrease ranged from 34 to 46 percent each time the airflow rate was doubled and from 2 to 3 percent approximately for each one degrees Centigrade in average temperature rise of drying air, regardless of the fan operation methods. Therefore, the average temperature rise of drying air had a little effect on drymatter loss. 9. Drymatter loss increase ranged from 50 to 78 percent approximately for each 2 percent increase in initial moisture content, in the range of 18 to 24 percent moisture. 10. The intermittent fan operation: showed about 40 to 50 percent increase in drymatter loss as compared with the continuous fan operation and the increasing rate was higher at high level of initial moisture and average temperature rise.11. Year-to-year weather conditions had a little effect on required drying time and drymatter loss.12. The equations for estimating time required to dry top layer to 16 and 1536 wet basis and drymatter loss were derived as functions of the performance factors. by the least square method.13. Minimum airflow rates based on 0.5 percent drymatter loss were estimated.Minimum airflow rates for the intermittent fan operation were approximately 1.5 to 1.8 times as much as compared with the continuous fan operation, but a few differences among year-to-year.14. Required fan horsepower and energy for the intermittent fan operation were3. 7 and 1. 5 times respectively as much as compared with the continuous fan operation.15. The continuous fan operation may be more effective than the intermittent fan operation considering overdrying, fan horsepower requirements, and energy use.16. A method for estimating the required collection area of flat-plate solar collector using average temperature rise and airflow rate was presented.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2008

현재 기존의 아날로그 형태의 필름/스크린 방식은 영상 저장 및 전송 등의 문제점이 대두되면서, X선에 반응하여 전하 캐리어를 생성시키는 광도전체 물질을 사용하는 직접 방식의 디지털 방사선 검출기로의 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 광도전체 물질인 Lead Oxide와 기존에 많이 연구가 진행 되었던 Lead(II) Oxide를 PIB(Particle In Binder) 방식으로 각각 제작하여 그 전기적 특성을 비교 평가하고자 하였다. 기존의 논문 중 물질의 입체각에 관한 논문에 따르면 정방계의 물질이 사방정계의 물질보다 좋은 특성을 보인다는 것을 기반으로 하여 PbO가 정방계의 ${\alpha}$-PbO와 사방정계의 ${\beta}$-PbO를 비교하였다. 정방계의 ${\alpha}$-PbO와 ${\beta}$-PbO를 PVB(Poly Vinyl Butyral)를 이용한 바인더를 사용하여 PIB(Particle In Binder) 방법으로 제조된 각 시편의 민감도(X-ray sensitivity), 누설전류(Leakage current) 및 SNR(Signal to Noise Rate)와 같은 전기적 특성을 실험을 통해 확인 비교한 것이다. 그리고 시편의 물리적인 특성을 보기 위한 기본적인 SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) 사진을 촬영하였다. 본 논문에서는 완벽한 ${\alpha}$-PbO를 제작하지 못하였으므로 차후 물질을 제작하는 것에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-32
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• 2013

We construct several Milky Way-like galaxy models containing a gas halo (as well as gaseous and stellar disks, a dark matter halo, and a stellar bulge) following either an isothermal or an NFW density profile with varying mass and initial spin. In addition, galactic winds associated with star formation are tested in some of the simulations. We evolve these isolated galaxy models using the GADGET-3 N-body/hydrodynamic simulation code, paying particular attention to the effects of the gaseous halo on the evolution. We find that the evolution of the models is strongly affected by the adopted gas halo component, particularly in the gas dissipation and the star formation activity in the disk. The model without a gas halo shows an increasing star formation rate (SFR) at the beginning of the simulation for some hundreds of millions of years and then a continuously decreasing rate to the end of the run at 3 Gyr. Whereas the SFRs in the models with a gas halo, depending on the density profile and the total mass of the gas halo, emerge to be either relatively flat throughout the simulations or increasing until the middle of the run (over a gigayear) and then decreasing to the end. The models with the more centrally concentrated NFW gas halo show overall higher SFRs than those with the isothermal gas halo of the equal mass. The gas accretion from the halo onto the disk also occurs more in the models with the NFW gas halo, however, this is shown to take place mostly in the inner part of the disk and not to contribute significantly to the star formation unless the gas halo has very high density at the central part. The rotation of a gas halo is found to make SFR lower in the model. The SFRs in the runs including galactic winds are found to be lower than those in the same runs but without winds. We conclude that the effects of a hot gaseous halo on the evolution of galaxies are generally too significant to be simply ignored. We also expect that more hydrodynamical processes in galaxies could be understood through numerical simulations employing both gas disk and gas halo components.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2012

인체 통신이란 사람의 몸통이나 피부를 전송 매질로 하여 데이터를 송수신하는 통신 방식을 의미한다. 본 논문에서는 인체 피부 표면에 닿아 있는 자유 공간을 전송 매체로 하여 데이터를 전달하는 전송 방식에 대하여, 10~30 MHz 주파수 범위에서 5 MHz 간격으로 5개의 주파수에 대하여 송수신부 사이의 전기장 분포에 대하여 수치 해석하였다. 채널 손실 계산은 총 29종의 조직으로 구성되어 있는 한국형 남성 표준 인체 모델에 상용의 툴을 사용하여 실행하였다. 계산 주파수에 따른 인체 조직의 도전율과 비유전율을 해석 파라미터로 입력하여 송수신부로 간주되는 손등 위에서 전기장 분포를 계산하였다. 손등에 부착된 송신기에 의한 전자파비(比)흡수율(SAR: Specific Absorbtion Rate) 값을 계산한 후, 국제비전리복사방호위원회(ICNIRP: International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) 인체 보호 기준과 비교하였다. 또한, 수치 해석으로 구한 전기장을 선(線)적분하여 인접한 극판들 사이의 전압들을 계산하였고, 송신부와 수신부의 전압의 비(比)를 채널 손실로 정의하였다. 수치 해석 결과, 10~30 MHz 주파수 대역에서 채널 손실의 범위는 약 ($75{\pm}1$) dB로 주파수에 따른 채널 손실의 변화가 크지 않았다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.5029-5037
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적인 우리나라 일부 학교의 석면함유 건축자재을 조사하고 EPA AHERA rule과 ASTM rule을 적용하여 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 총 100개 학교를 2010년 1월부터 12월까지 조사하였다. 건축년도에 따른 ACM 검출율은 1980년대 이전 건축물은 100%, 1990년대 이전은 94.1%, 2000년대 이전은 100%, 2000대 이후는 62.5%로 나타났다. 학교별 ACM 검출율은 유치원과 고등학교는 100%, 초등학교는 97.1%, 중학교는 92.9%, 특수학교는 80%로 나타났다. 천장 텍스는 2~8 %의 백석면과 갈석면, 밤라이트 보드는 6~11 %의 백석면이 검출되었다. 또한 개스킷과 슬레이트 지붕은 각각 16~17 %, 10~13 %의 백석면이 검출되었다. EPA AHERA rule을 이용하여 ACM의 위해성 평가를 실시한 결과, 모든 건축자재는 "Pool" 등급이 나왔으며, ASTM rule 평가에서는 모든 ACM이 "Q&M program"이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.