• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.227-245
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• 2004

Studies on compensation structures of international technology licensing show that the level of intellectual property protection in the host market and the favorableness of the host country's economic environment are positively related to the use of running royalty-based compensation structure. Lump-sum fee or fixed royalty compensation is more likely to be used in the introduction and decline stages of the technology life cycle, and running royalty compensation in the growth stage. The international experience and the size of the licensor company are positively related to the use of running royalty. In this theoretical context, this paper analyzes the choice of compensation structures in Korean technology imports. The paper uses the officially reported data to analyze the compensation structures. It analyzes the characteristics of the compensation structures in terms of fixed royalty and running royalty by licensor country, group of licensor countries and size of licensee companies.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.151-169
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• 2004

Studies on compensation structures of international technology licensing show that the level of intellectual property protection in the host market and the favorableness of the host country's economic environment are positively related to the use of running royalty-based compensation structure. Lump-sum fee or fixed royalty compensation is more likely to be used in the introduction and decline stages of the technology life cycle, and running royalty compensation in the growth stage. The international experience and the size of the licensor company are positively related to the use of running royalty. In this theoretical context, this paper analyzes the compensation structures of technology import in Korea. The paper uses the officially reported data to analyze the compensation structures. It analyzes the characteristics of the compensation structures in terms of fixed royalty and running royalty by licensor country, group of licensor countries and size of licensee companies.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.131-151
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• 2005

Industrial Technology Development Program enables the recipient to set up technology infrastructure and to facilitate technology diffusion. In return, government charges royalty from the program recipient. However, the current royalty system is not in the effective form. This study analyzes the various aspects of royalty collection methods applied to the Industrial Technology Development Program and recommend the following: (1) employ the combination of fixed amount royalty and running royalty with predetermined portion of revenue generated, (2) adjust the royalty collection duration by applying product life cycle, and (3) devise new program to link extra-gain from royalty collection with commercialization and other means to increase the effectiveness of research and development activities.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.204-231
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• 2015

This study aims to present a conceptual model for technology valuation based on market approach. We first propose a transition model in which technology itself is endowed with its intrinsic value based on its technology- and market-specific features, which subsequently goes through a transition to the market perceived value. We also discuss the model's logical validity. Based upon the transition model, we develop market approach based technology valuation models by identifying factors comprising each component of the transition model for each case of fixed royalty and running royalty. We also show that the proposed model can be used to describe the relationship between cost, income and market approaches for technology valuation.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.430-456
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• 2009

The industrial Technology Development Program enables the recipient to set up technology infrastructure and to facilitate technology diffusion. In return, government charges royalties to the program recipient. However, the current royalty system is not effective form. This study analyzes the various aspects of royalty collection methods applied to the Industrial Technology Development Program and recommends the following: a) to establish a royalty collection system with appropriate charges for both fixed royalties and running royalties, dependent upon type of technology development b) to seek a method to setup different collection periods for industrial categories in consideration of product life cycle c) to review on ownership of intangible property. In addition, in order to manage the entire royalty process effectively, prompt establishment is needed in order for a responsible evaluation institute to create task forces to evaluate technology value, to transfer technology, to support technology commercialization, to collect and manage royalty and expand and report result.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-75
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• 2022

This paper analyzes how franchise contract conditions are influenced by business structures as well as how contract conditions affect producer surplus by utilizing Korean franchise Information Disclosure Documents for the years 2014-2016. We find that franchise fees tend to increase in line with increases in the numbers of direct stores or the business period. Accordingly, it would be reasonable to check whether the franchise fee is excessive compared to the amount of reputation capital rather than to criticize the absolute level of the franchise fee. Regarding royalty contracts, the larger the discount in the raw materials purchase is, the higher the initial royalty is. Although this appears to be a royalty discount, it can be a means of inducing a raw materials purchase contract by initially setting a high royalty rate and then lowering it after the purchase contract is signed. Concerning the effect on producer surplus, the results show that an increase in franchise fees and royalties negatively affects the franchisee's operating profits but positively affects those of the franchisor's, leading to conflicts over the distribution of economic value added. Based on the findings here, we propose various policy recommendations, specifically reinforcing the contents in the Information Disclosure Document, further activating fixed-rate royalties, and strengthening the qualifications of franchisors when recruiting franchisees.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.250-256
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• 2014

Non-reference P frame coding is used to enhance coding efficiency in low-delay encoding configuration of Internet Video Coding (IVC), which is being standardized as a royalty-free video codec in MPEG. The existing method of non-reference P frame coding which was adopted in the reference Test Model of IVC (ITM) 4.0 adaptively applies a non-reference P frame with a fixed coding structure based on the magnitude of motion vectors (MVs), however, which unexpectedly degrades the coding efficiency for some sequences. In this paper, the existing non-reference P frame coding is improved by changing non-reference P frame coding structure and applying a new adaptive method using the ratio of the amount of generated bits of non-reference frames to that of reference frames as well as MVs. Experimental results show that the proposed non-reference P frame coding gives 6.6% BD-rate bit saving in average over ITM 7.0.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.39-64
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• 2014

The object of International License Contract is technology. Technology is means to produce visible goods, which are human's intellectual creations such as Intellectual Property Right - patent, design, trademark- and Know-how. Unlike visible goods which decrease as being used, these technologies are possible to be produced expansively and develop additionally. Therefore, the way to make a contract of goods is a sales contract which transfers ownership while technology follows license contract which gives approval of use for a certain period. International license contract means that licensor has right to possess, allows licensee to use licensed technology for a fixed period and takes royalty. So there are various matters such as selection of the duration of a contract, confirmation of technology range, competition limitation, technique guidance and support, calculation of royalty, withholding tax between parties. This study examines licensor's grant of license and competition limitation. Intellectual property rights fundamentally give exclusive rights to the creator so the licensor use or dispose of his or her intellectual property rights at will. Technology transfer is possible through license contract because of this right. But licensor must exercise his or her intellectual property rights within a reasonable limit. It means, when licensor makes an unreasonable demand abusing his or her position, it is regarded as competition limitation clause and the deal itself may become null. Therefore, restraint on competition needs to be examined in detail as it influences on contract validity. Each country has their own competition laws for establishing a fair market order and inspection guide and guideline for judging whether there is any unfair act related to intellectual property rights. Judgment on intellectual property rights is subject the technology-introduced country's domestic laws and thus, contracting parties each need to precede opposite nation's domestic laws system.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.85-101
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• 2017

The objective of the Nagoya Protocol is to enhance biodiversity by the mean of economic incentives but there has been yet consistent lack of realized contracts between genetic resource users and holders due to the asymmetric information among the parties. This paper presents a principle-agent model to provide optimal contracts under asymmetric information in order to achieve the sustainable biological resource. The model concludes the royalty contracts over the fixed lump-sum benefit transfer as profit sharing mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.10
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• pp.10-21
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• 2009

The shape of floral pattern in the period of Rococo are a pots, a flower and ribbon style, a flower and a stripe style, a lace style and a scene style etc, and also in that time an apperance of softness of curved line, delicacy and smoth line, irregular and unrestraint line, motive of tiny and extra ordinarily, little bunch of flowers, and stripe style was a feature. The style of presentation were a presentation of fixed style such effect as lace, and a presentation of realistically style emphasized a massiveness and a cubic effect, and also used a natural color, and the presentation of abstract expressed like imagined anything and fancied. Weaving expressed delicate, brilliant, fantastic, and an atmosphere with elegant. embroidery was expressed in creation with emphasized in reality. Printing was fantastic with exotic in development of chintz due to effection of orient. The based on a salon civilization, the refind beauty of taste of royalty gave a refinded feeling with over affectionate in preference with a softness of curved line, and a motive of tiny and extra ordinarily. The classical beauty of elegant was realistic in being concentrated on building up blance and homony. The natural beauty of romantic was in being devoted the theme with soft and fantastic.