• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1986

It has been well documented that the peripheral autonomic nervous system plays an important role in exocrine pancreatic secretion. However, the role of the central nervous system in pancreatic function is still obscure even though the central nervous system has been known to control gastrointestinal functions through the autonomic nervous system. Since the reticular formation in the mesencephalone seems to integrate the autonomic function, the present study was undertaken to investigate a possible influence of the reticular formation upon the exocrine pancreatic secretion. Twenty·two albino rats fasted for 24 hours were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of urethane in a dose of 1 g/kg, The pancreatic duct was cannulated to collect pancreatic juice and bile juice was diverted to the jejunum. The gastroduodenal junction was ligated to Prevent passage of gastic juice into the duodenum. A pair of electrodes were bilaterally inserted in the reticualr formation of the mesencephalone with aid of a stereotaxic apparatus. When the volume of pancreatic juice secreted for 10 min became constant, the reticular formation was electrically stimulated for 10 min. Parameters of the electical stimulation was 1.3V, 40 Hz and 2 msec. When the pancreatic secretion returned to the level before the electrical stimulation, cervical vagotomy (11 rats) or administration of propranolol (11 rats) in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg through the jugular vein was carried out. Ten minutes after the treatment, the electrical stimulation of the reticular formation was repeated. The brain was fixed by perfusion of 10% formaline solution through the heart, and then placement of the electrode tip was examined histologically. Protein concentration and amylase activity in samples of Pancreatic secretion were measured. The electrical stimulation of the reticular formation significantly increased in volume $({\mu}l/10\;min)$, Protein output $({\mu}g/10\;min)$ and amylase output (U/10 min) in the pancreatic secretion. The stimulatroy effects were not affected by the cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by propranolol. Meantime, it was also observed that both vagotomy and propranolol significantly reduced the pancreatic secretory function. These results indicate that the reticular formation in the mesencephalone may exert a stimulatory effect upon the Pancreatic secretory function not through the vagus nerve but through the sympathetic pathway in anesthetized rats.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the surgical results of early mobilization after rigid fixation of small coronoid fracture using the tension band technique Materials and Methods: Eight cases of coronoid fracture were fixed with the tension band technique and using K-wire and wire through the medial approach. All the cases were Regan-Morrey type 2. According to O'Driscoll, they were classified as 5 cases of the tip type (subtype 2) and 3 cases of the anteromedial type (1 case of subtype 2, and 2 case of subtype 3). The associated collateral ligament injuries (6 cases) and radial head/neck fractures (4 cases) were managed simultaneously. After immobilization for 5~7 days, active ROM exercise with a fitted hinge brace started and continued till postoperative 6 weeks. The patients were assessed for pain, ROM and functional disability using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) at an average of 11 months (range: 6~28 months). The ulnar nerve symptoms were also investigated. Results: We observed solid union in all the coronoid fractures without hardware failure. An average of 2.2 wires (range: 2~4) were used. The mean extension was $3^{\circ}$(range: $0^{\circ}\sim25^{\circ}$), the mean flexion was $137^{\circ}$(range: $130^{\circ}\sim140^{\circ}$), the mean pronation was $69^{\circ}$(range: $45^{\circ}\sim90^{\circ}$) and the mean supination was $78^{\circ}$(range: $45^{\circ}\sim90^{\circ}$). The mean MEPS was 96 (range: 65~100). Ulnar nerve symptoms occurred at postoperative one day and persisted in one patient with the terrible triad of taking radial head excision and residual medial instability. Conclusion: The tension band technique uses easily obtained, economic K-wires and the wire was strong enough to permit early elbow ROM exercise and the technique might improve the elbow function. It was especially useful for fixation of multiple small fragments.