• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.549-562
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• 2017

The US railroad network carries 40% of the nation's total freight. Railroad bridges are the most critical part of the network infrastructure and, therefore, must be properly maintained for the operational safety. Railroad managers inspect bridges by measuring displacements under train crossing events to assess their structural condition and prioritize bridge management and safety decisions accordingly. The displacement of a railroad bridge under train crossings is one parameter of interest to railroad bridge owners, as it quantifies a bridge's ability to perform safely and addresses its serviceability. Railroad bridges with poor track conditions will have amplified displacements under heavy loads due to impacts between the wheels and rail joints. Under these circumstances, vehicle-track-bridge interactions could cause excessive bridge displacements, and hence, unsafe train crossings. If displacements during train crossings could be measured objectively, owners could repair or replace less safe bridges first. However, data on bridge displacements is difficult to collect in the field as a fixed point of reference is required for measurement. Accelerations can be used to estimate dynamic displacements, but to date, the pseudo-static displacements cannot be measured using reference-free sensors. This study proposes a method to estimate total transverse displacements of a railroad bridge under live train loads using acceleration and tilt data at the top of the exterior pile bent of a standard timber trestle, where train derailment due to excessive lateral movement is the main concern. Researchers used real bridge transverse displacement data under train traffic from varying bridge serviceability levels. This study explores the design of a new bridge deck-pier experimental model that simulates the vibrations of railroad bridges under traffic using a shake table for the input of train crossing data collected from the field into a laboratory model of a standard timber railroad pile bent. Reference-free sensors measured both the inclination angle and accelerations of the pile cap. Various readings are used to estimate the total displacements of the bridge using data filtering. The estimated displacements are then compared to the true responses of the model measured with displacement sensors. An average peak error of 10% and a root mean square error average of 5% resulted, concluding that this method can cost-effectively measure the total displacement of railroad bridges without a fixed reference.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.376-382
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• 2019

Background: Angelica gigas Nakai has been used as an herbal medicine in Eastern Asia for treating disorders in women for a long time. To date there are no studies on the genetic diversity of A. gigas. The present study aimed to study the genetic diversity of A. gigas variants using genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Methods and Results: The genetic diversity of 199 variants of A. gigas cultivated in of different regions, was analyzed using 5 genome-wide SSR markers. The results revealed that the genetic variants were very diverse, and genetic analysis using the 5 SSR markers revealed high diversity among the variants. Conclusions: It is expected that the development of the true Angleical cultivar, by studying the system and group selection, can be achieved by genetic analysis using the developed markers, for generating a genetically fixed lineage and group selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1074-1080
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• 2017

Objective: The growth, carcass and retail cut yield records on 1,428 Hanwoo steers obtained through progeny testing were analyzed in this study, and their heritability and genetic relationships among the traits were estimated using animal models. Methods: Two different models were compared in this study. Each model was fitted for different fixed class effects, date of slaughter for carcass traits and batch of progeny test live measurement traits, and a choice of covariates (carcass weight in Model 1 or backfat thickness in Model 2) for carcass traits. Results: The differences in body composition among individuals were deemed being unaffected by their age at slaughter, except for carcass weight and backfat thickness. Heritability estimates of body size measurements were 0.21 to 0.36. Heritability estimates of retail cut percentage were high (0.56 from Model 1 and 0.47 from Model 2). And the heritability estimates for loin muscle percentage were 0.36 from Model 1 and 0.42 from Model 2, which were high enough to consider direct selection on carcass cutability traits as effective. The genetic correlations between body size measurements and retail cut ratio (RCR) were close to zero. But, some negative genetic correlations were found with chest girths measured at yearling (Model 1) or at 24 months of age or with chest widths. Loin muscle ratio (LMR) was genetically negatively correlated with body weights or body size measurements, in general in Model 1. These relationships were low close to zero but positive in Model 2. Phenotypic correlation between cutability traits (RCR, LMR) and live body size measurements were moderate and negative in Model 1 while those in Model 2 were all close to zero. Conclusion: Therefore, the body weights or linear body measurements at an earlier age may not be the most desirable selection traits for exploitation of correlated responses to improve loin muscle or lean meat yield.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

GeoSensor network means sensor network infra and related software of specific form monitoring a variety of circumstances over geospatial. And these GeoSensor network is implemented by mixing data stream with spatial attribute, spatial relation. But, until a recent date sensor network system has been concentrated on a store and search method of sensor data stream except for a spatial information. In this paper, we propose a definition of spatial data stream and its join strategy model at GeoSensor network, which combine data stream with spatial data. Spatial data stream s defining in this paper are dynamic spatial data stream of a moving object type and static spatial data stream of a fixed type. Dynamic spatial data stream is data stream transmitted by moving sensor as GPS, while static spatial data stream is generated by joining a data stream of general sensor and a relation with location values of these sensors. This paper propose joins of dynamic spatial data stream and static spatial data stream, and cost models estimating join cost. Finally, we show verification of proposed cost models and performance by join strategy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.298-305
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• 2017

Objective: This paper describes changes in the characteristics of patients seeking orthodontic treatment over the past decade and the treatment they received, to identify any seasonal variations or trends. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study included all patients who presented to Seoul National University Dental Hospital for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2015. The study analyzed a set of heterogeneous variables grouped into the following categories: demographic (age, gender, and address), clinical (Angle Classification, anomaly, mode of orthodontic treatment, removable appliances for Phase 1 treatment, fixed appliances for Phase 2 treatment, orthognathic surgery, extraction, mini-plate, mini-implant, and patient transfer) and time-related variables (date of first visit and orthodontic treatment time). Time series analysis was applied to each variable. Results: The sample included 14,510 patients with a median age of 19.5 years. The number of patients and their ages demonstrated a clear seasonal variation, which peaked in the summer and winter. Increasing trends were observed for the proportion of male patients, use of non-extraction treatment modality, use of ceramic brackets, patients from provinces outside the Seoul region at large, patients transferred from private practitioners, and patients who underwent orthognathic surgery performed by university surgeons. Decreasing trends included the use of metal brackets and orthodontic treatment time. Conclusions: Time series analysis revealed a seasonal variation in some characteristics, and several variables showed changing trends over the past decade.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.47.1-47.1
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• 2013

We present structural parameters of galaxies in the Extended Viro Cluster Catalog (EVCC), new catalog of galaxies in the Viro cluster using homogeneous Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Date Release 7 (DR7) data. The EVCC covers more extended region of the Viro cluster than of the Virgo Cluster Catalog (VCC) and presents updated morphologies of galaxies using multi-band images and spectral features. We obtain the surface brightness profiles of galaxies using ellipse task in IRAF. Based on the analysis of surface brightness profile we construct a catalog of various structural parameters of galaxies, i.e. central surface brightness, effective radius, sersic index, effective surface brightness, and mean effective surface brightness. Taking advantage of these structural parameters in various parameter spaces, we refine criteria of dividing giant elliptical and dwarf elliptical galaxies. In addition, we found that bulge dominated galaxies have larger sersic index and brighter central surface brightness than disk dominated galaxies. At fixed magnitude, dwarf elliptical galaxies dwarf lenticular galaxies, and dwarf irregular low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies show larger effective radii than giant elliptical galaxies, giant lenticular galaxies, and irregular high surface brightness (HSB) galaxies, respectively. Dwarf elliptical galaxies and dwarf irregular LSB galaxies occupy the similar structural parameter spaces. We suggest that giant elliptical galaxies and dwarf elliptical galaxies may have different origin.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.67-75
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• 2013

South Korea suggest that the United States government should delay the date to hand over wartime operational control (OPCON). It is fixed on December 1, 2015. Typically the president's position as head of the executive authority is coming from the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Now we should know the commander-in-chief of the nation's forces and the meaning of OPCON. The relationship between sovereignty and the commander-in-chief of the nation's forces is a little different. This is one of the efforts to enlarge the efficiency of Armed Forces. Of course, operational control is little control of the sovereign personnel, logistics, administration, discipline, organizing, training, etc. It does not control all matters. The current ROK Combined Forces Command itself is made with reference to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO). If we insist our own sovereignty is infringed because of OPCON, that claim is coated in irreparable damage to the national interest.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.376-381
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• 2019

Surface texturing is widely applied to reduce friction and improve the reliability of machine elements. Despite extensive theoretical studies to date, most research has been limited to parallel thrust bearings, mechanical face seals, piston rings, etc. However, most sliding bearings have a convergent film shape in the sliding direction and the hydrodynamic pressure is mainly generated by the wedge action. The results of surface texturing on inclined slider bearings are largely insufficient. This paper is the first part of a recent study focusing on the effect of the groove position on the lubrication performances of inclined slider bearings. We model a slider bearing with one rectangular groove on a fixed pad and analyze the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT. The results show that the film convergence ratio and the groove position have a significant influence on the pressure and velocity distributions. There are groove positions to maximize the supporting load with the film convergence ratio and the groove reduces the frictional force acting on the slider. Therefore, the proper groove position not only improves the load-carrying capacity of the slider bearings but also reduces its frictional loss. The present results apply to various surface-textured sliding bearings and can lead to further studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1347-1352
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• 2000

The objectives of the study were to examine non-genetic factors that influence somatic cell counts in dairy cattle and to estimate the genetic parameters of somatic cell counts. A total of 34, 097-test day somatic cell count records were obtained from the Zimbabwe Dairy Services Association (ZDSA). The data were from 5, 615 Holstein daughters of 390 sires and 2, 541 dams tested between May 1994 and December 1998. First lactation cows contributed 22, 147 records to the data set, while 11, 950 records were from second and later parity cows. The model for analysis included fixed effects of month of calving, year of calving, stage of lactation, calving interval and test date. Milk yield and age on test day were fitted in the model as covariates. The additive genetic effects pertaining to cows, sires and dams and the residual error were the random effects. The Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood algorithm was used for analysis. The heritability of somatic cell scores was low at $0.027{\pm}0.013$ for parity one cows and $0.087{\pm}0.031$ for parity two and above. Repeatability estimates were $0.22{\pm}0.01$ and $0.30{\pm}0.01$ for the two lactation groups, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between the somatic cell scores and test day milk production were small and negative. It seems that there is no genetic link between somatic cell counts and milk yield in Holstein cattle in Zimbabwe. The results also seem to indicate that somatic cell count is a trait that is mainly governed by environmental factors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10421-10425
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• 2015

Background: While the incidence of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) has been rising worldwide, the reasons remain undefined. Recent research has focused on effect of red andf processed meat intake as a risk factor, but with inconclusive results. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of data published to date, to ascertain the overall association between intake and NHL. Materials and Methods: A published literature search was performed through Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Medline, and Science Citation Index Expanded databases for articles published in English. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated using random or fixed effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi-square and I2 statistics. Dissemination bias was evaluated by funnel plot analysis.We performed a formal meta-analysis using summary measures from these studies. Results: In total, 11 published studies were included in the final analysis. The combined analysis revealed that there was significant association between the red meat and NHL risk (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.19, p=0.01). Additionally, there was showed significance association between processed red meat and NHL risk (OR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.06 to 1.29, p=0.001). In subgroup analysis, a statistical significant association was noted between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.04 to 2.37, P=0.01) and red meat intake. Conclusions: In this meta-Analysis, there was evidence for association between consumption of red meat, or processed meat and risk of NHL, particularly with the DLBCL subtype in the red meat case.