• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.51-66
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• 2014

제주지역 초등학생 701명과 중학생 1,184명을 대상으로 끼니별, 식품군별, 음식군별 나트륨 섭취 실태를 파악하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 초등학교 조사대상자는 에너지 권장섭취량의 남, 여학생 각각 87.5%, 93.9%이었고, 중학생은 남 여학생 각각 86.1%, 91.7% 이었다. 나트륨 섭취량은 초등학교 남학생이 2,917.2 mg, 여학생 2,819.5 mg이었고, 중학생은 남학생이 3,336.6 mg, 여학생 2,828.1 mg이었다. 초등학생은 하루 총 식품 섭취량의 39.1%를 간식에서 중학생은 점심에서 34.3%를 섭취하고 있었다. 초등학생의 총 열량 섭취량에 대한 아침, 점심, 저녁, 간식의 열량 섭취 비율은 19.8%, 26.8%, 29.8%, 23.6%이었고, 중학생의 경우 열량 섭취 비율은 17.2%, 33.6%, 27.2%, 22.0%이었고, 이에 비해 각 끼니별 나트륨 섭취 비율은 초등학생의 경우 18.0%, 35.1%, 32.8%, 14.1%이었고, 중학생은 15.3%, 40.2%, 29.1%, 15.5%이었다. 초등학생, 중학생 모두 학교급식으로 인하여 점심에서 얻어지는 열량 및 나트륨 섭취량이 가장 높음을 알 수 있었다. 나트륨 섭취량이 높은 식품군은 양념류 (초등학생 1,252.5mg, 중학생 1,158.0 mg), 채소류 (초등학생 409.0 mg, 중학생 495.6 mg), 곡류 (초등학생 322.4 mg, 중학생 647.8 mg), 어패류 (초등학생 255.3 mg, 중학생 336.6 mg)이었으며, 곡류군을 제외한 이들 식품군은 점심과 저녁에서 그 사용량이 더 높았고 이는 학교급식이나 저녁에 먹는 부식의 다양성을 보여주고 있었다. 이에 비해 간식에서 나트륨 섭취비율이 높은 식품군은 곡류군으로 초등학생은 하루 총 나트륨 섭취량의 5.9%를 중학생은 9.8%를 섭취하는 것으로 나타나 이와 관련된 간식 음식 선택에 대한 교육이 필요하다고 본다. 음식군별 나트륨 섭취 비율은 초등학생 중학생 모두 국류와 찌개류에서 나트륨 섭취량의 19.8%와 25.4%를 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 이어 나트륨 섭취비율이 높은 음식은 김치류이었다. 전체적으로 무침류, 국류, 김치류, 구이류, 볶음류, 일품요리 등에서 나트륨 섭취 비율이 높았다. 끼니에 따른 나트륨 섭취비율을 보면 점심에서 국, 김치, 찌개, 튀김, 볶음 등 다양한 부식에서 얻어지고 있었고, 저녁에는 면류, 구이, 일품요리 등에서 간식에서는 빵 과자류, 면류에서 나트륨 섭취가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 제주지역 초 중학교 학생들의 나트륨 섭취 실태는 점심식사에서 다양한 부식을 통한 나트륨 섭취량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 단백질 급원 식품이나 미량영양소의 공급을 고려하면, 채소와 어패류, 해조류, 육류 등으로 다양한 조리방법을 사용하는 음식군의 배제보다는 짠맛을 조절할 수 있는 미각교육이 필요하다고 여겨지며, 아울러 나트륨 섭취비율이 가장 높은 국물 섭취에 대한 영양교육과 또한 점심에서 얻어지는 나트륨 섭취 비율이 높으므로 학교급식 조리종사자 및 영양사를 대상으로도 나트륨 저감화를 위한 교육이 필요하다. 부식보다는 나트륨 섭취 비율이 낮지만 간식에서 섭취되는 면류인 라면이나, 빵 과자류, 음료는 나트륨 섭취도 높일 뿐 아니라 열량 섭취도 높이므로 과일과 우유 및 유제품 등의 올바른 간식 음식 선택에 대한 교육도 나트륨 섭취를 줄일 수 있는 방법이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate improvement of food habits and eating behavior in children with obesity and precocious puberty by nutritional education monitoring. The results are as follows. Average height and weight of subjects exceeded Korean height and weight standards for children as outlined by The Korea Pediatric Society. Using nutrition education monitoring, meals became more regular, overeating significantly decreased, and eating speed decreased. Further, frequencies of eating-out and night-eating significantly decreased. The most preferred menu item when eating-out was Korean food, and the most preferred menu item for night-eating was fruits, fast food, & processed food. Meat & fish and vegetable intakes all significantly increased. Fruit and milk intakes also significantly increased while bread, snack, and ice cream intakes decreased. Further, fast food & instant food intakes decreased. However, water intake was not significantly affected. The favorite food of children was meat & fish, followed by fast food & processed food. This study may provide information on dietary behavior of children with obesity and precocious puberty and suggests that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and eating behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

The study was designed to observe the correlation between the eating habits and growth development in 1,574 children (3-6 years old) in Kyunggi-do and Seoul, Korea. The eating habits and nutrient intake were determined by mini dietary assessment and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 35.6% children had been practicing an unbalanced diets. Children with unbalanced diet consumed less amount of protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, soy products), vegetables and fruits and had irregular meal time, but more of them preferred sweet foods (ice creme, cookies) and carbonated drinks as snack compared with children in balanced diet. 24-35% children consumed energy, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), Niacin, Zinc (Zn) less than 75% RDA. Energy intake of children with unbalanced diet was not significantly different from those with balanced diet, but they consumed less amount of niacin, Fe, Ca and Zn than those with balanced diet. By using the relative percentage of standard weight-length-index (WLI), 65.7% children was normal weight, 12.9% was underweight, 13.4% was overweight and 7.9% was obese. However, 11.9% of underweight and normal weight children was so called thin obese since their body fat content was greater than 20%. There were 16.8% underweight in children with unbalanced diet and 12.6% underweight in those with balanced diet. Compared to normal weight, the underweight children significantly consumed less amount of milk and its product, high protein foods, fried foods and fruits, but obese children consumed more high protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, etc) and sweet foods. In conclusion, the eating habits of unbalanced meal was prevalent problem in preschool children which resulting in their health risks. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habits in preschoolers.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2000

Changes in eating culture patterns has been observed among modern Koreans from seeking out traditional types of eating out restaurant to the modern, luxurious, and hybrid food. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of eating out and preference of food in Pusan National University (PNU) area, representing typical Patterns of eating out in Pusan. Data revealed that the most popular places in which the subjects visited were Korean traditional restaurants and snack bars. The names of the places were in trendy style of Korean connotation, with Intention to appeal to the new generation. The interviewee reported that decision making on choice of plates were made by taste, price, and service in that order. The frequency of eating out was once In two or three days, Korean traditional restaurants, noodle shops, and restaurants of offering fusion food being the Place of choice. Preferred reasons for the PNU area were reported to be low price, followed by variety of food offered and geographical accessibility to the places. Most of the interviewees in the area were satisfied with the taste of food and service quality. A list of food they were willing to introduce to oversea foreigners included raw fish, Dongrae Pajon, Pulgoki, Kimchi and dog soup in that sequence. The results of survey indicator that changes in the eating out environment in Pusan were improvement of service quality, development of new recipes, improvement of hygiene standards and development of area-specific food. The results may also act as a guide in changing the eating out environment and developing tourism in Pusan.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

To investigate the dietary behavior and food preference by the obesity index, 524 children (male 265, female 259) from 4 elementary schools in Gyeonggi area participated in this study. The overweight group included more boys (52.5%) than girls (47.5%). The overweight group had significantly higher values in height, weight, Obesity index (OI), Body mass index (BMI), and Rohrer index (RI) than the underweight or normal weight groups. The majority (43.4%) of children showed 11-20 minutes of eating time, and boys ate significantly rapidly than girls (p<0.00l). Snack was consumed 2-3 times a day, with the preference principally for ice-cream and cookies. The frequency of eating out was 1-2 times a month, representing 71.4% of subjects, and 73.3% of children preferred Korean style meals, followed by Western, Chinese and Japanese foods. Twigim (frying) was the preferred cooking method for vegetables, fish and meat. The food preference study showed that Ssalbap, Hyunmibap and Boribap were preferred in the rice group. For one-dish foods in the rice group, Jjajangbap, Kimchibokeumbap, Bokeumbap were preferred, with the tendency that boys preferred significantly more Curry rice (p<0.05) and Chickenbap (p<0.01) than girls. The preference for guk, jjigae, and tang group showed that Soegogimiyeokguk, Chamchikimchijjigae were preferred Boys preferred significantly more Samgyetang (p<0.05), Haemultang (p<0.05) and Yukgaejang (p<0.01) than girls, and girls preferred significantly more Kongbijijjigae (p<0.05) than boys. It is considered that organized and continuous nutritional education beginning in childhood, is necessary to for the development and formation of desirable dietary behaviors.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2016

Objectives: This study investigated the improvement of food habits and eating behavior of cancer patients during treatment through the continuous nutrition counseling and monitoring. Methods: Thirty cancer patients during treatment were participated in this study, and the first nutrition counseling and the first and second monitoring were conducted after 2-3 week intervals. Results: As a result of the nutrition counseling and monitoring, all patients improved to a great extent to consume 3 meals a day. The frequency of having breakfast was significantly increased with the nutrition counseling and continuous monitoring as well. The meal fixed quantity was stabilized and the eating speed slowed down as more nutrition counseling were done. The snack intakes of patients did not show any significant difference after the nutrition counseling but showed a slight decline after the monitoring. The frequencies of eating out and a late-night meal significantly decreased after the monitoring. The intakes of fish, meat, vegetables, milk and fruits needed for a well-balanced diet significantly increased as more nutrition counseling were done. The intakes of processed food were significantly decreased after the nutrition counseling and the intakes of fast food were significantly decreased as more nutrition counseling were done. The water intake of patients also significantly increased. In the eating behavior related to health, the frequency of drinking alcohol significantly decreased after nutrition counseling consultation and no patients had dietary supplements after the first monitoring. Conclusions: These results suggested that continuous nutrition counseling is effective in improving eating habits of cancer patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.899-907
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate dietary habits and nutritional intake according to body mass index (BMI) of female college students. The subjects were 1361 students with a mean age of 20.4 years residing in Seoul and Kyonggui area. BMI (kg/) between $\geq$ 18.5 to $\leq$ 23 was considered as nonnal, < 18.5 as underweight and > 23 as overweight. The subjects had a mean BMI of 20.0 kg/$m^2$ and 25% of them were classified as underweight group, 67% as normal group and 8% as overweight group. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency method and consumption of foods and nutrients was analyzed. Frequency of meal skipping was higher in the overweight group, 16.1 % of the overweight group skipped dinner. Also, the frequency of snack intake was lowest in the overweight group. The overweight group consumed less meat and fish than the normal and underweight groups. The total number of foods consumed in a day was also significantly lower than that of the underweight and normal group. The overweight group consumed less energy, protein, fat, phosphorus and niacin than the underweight and normal groups. The overweight group took iron and sodium intake lower than the normal group. Mean intakes of nutrients except clacium and iron in all three groups were over Korea RDA. The NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) value of all nutrients, except calcium, was lower in the overweight group when compared to the normal and underweight groups, and the MAR (mean adequacy ratio) of the overweight group was 0.89, which was lower than 0.92 of the underweight and 0.93 of the normal group. The above results indicated that the deficiency of major nutrients such as calcium and iron could be inducde by less kinds of consumed foods and frequent meal skipping including dinner in the overweighted group. Therefore, balanced nutrient intake is required to maintain skeletal health and prevent anemia in overweighted female college students aged twenties.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.546-554
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of sugar reduction, nutrition education, and frequency of snacking in children according to the self-perceived dietary preferences for sweet taste by mothers in Busan. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 277 mothers were surveyed, and their perceptions of sugar reduction and the frequency of snacking in children were assessed using a questionnaire. The subjects were classified into either a sweet (n = 91) or an unsweet (n = 186) group according to their self-perceived preferences for a sweet taste. RESULTS: In the sweet group, the results for sweet products were sweetened ice (86.8%), confectionery (74.7%), processed milk (73.6%), carbonated beverages (71.4%), and fermented milk (53.9%). In the unsweet group, the results were sweetened ice (88.7%), carbonated beverages (78.5%), processed milk (75.8%), confectionery (69.4%), and fermented milk (50.5%). The necessity of sugar intake reduction was high in both groups (sweet = 89.0%, unsweet = 82.8%). Beverage purchases after identifying the nutrition labeling was significantly lower in the sweet group than in the unsweet group (P < 0.05). The reasons for the beverage purchases instead of water were "habitually" (50.5%) and "like sweet taste" (25.3%) in the sweet group (P < 0.01). Snacking in children was significantly higher in the sweet group based on the increased frequencies of carbonated drinks (P < 0.01), fast food (P < 0.001), candy and chocolate (P < 0.05), crackers (P < 0.01), ramen (P < 0.01), and fish paste/hotdogs (P < 0.01). The frequency of purchase education after identifying the nutrition labeling was significantly lower in the sweet group than in the unsweet group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a perception of sugar reduction and practical nutrition education aimed at reducing the sugar intake are necessary to improve dietary habits.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.148-165
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• 2017

An assortment of daily supplies have been documented in and accounting book that Hwa-sun Song, a wholesale dealer in Hongcheon, Gangwon-do, sent to Young-hui Sin, a customer. This study analyzed a total of 163 documentations in the accounting book between 1910 to 1916, which includes types of daly supplies, trading volume, and prices, maintained accounting between. Consequently, we are able to indentify companies that produced the applicable goods, names of products, units by which goods were counted, and the lowest and highest prices prevailing, along with kinds of goods patronized in everyday life in Hongcheon in the early 20th century. Paper had the maximum trading volume. The second, most traded were cigarettes, a symbol of the new culture. These were traded under various brand names, such as Kkotpyo, Guksyu, Sanhopyo, Syonghak, and Joil. Foodstuffs, were the third most traded items, including fish, fruits, sugar, Waeddeok, Chilwaeddeok, Color candies and Okchyun candies. Our results indicate that the snack food business had developed since the 19th century. Lighting equipment, oil, candles, matches as well as traditional oil lamps and flints cornered the fourth largest stock being traded. Medications were fifth, with prescriptions written for Insohwan, Hoechyungsan and Siungo, including quinine, a medicine for malaria. Other trades included kitchen appliances such as soup bowls, porcelain bowls, kettles, and drinking cups, and a variety of daily supplies such as mirrors, mats, umbrellas, Geumjiwaemil, hair oil imported from Japan, and soap.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1978

The present study is concerned with nutritional status and palatability of the packed-lunch in elementary school children in Daejeon city. Rice and side dishes in the lunch box were weighed and the contained nutrients were analyzed by the Food Composition Table. The result of survey is as follows; 1) The means of nutritional values of 523 lunch boxes were calorie 562.48 Cal. percentage of the recommended dietary allowances.(79.11%), protein 19.16gr. (88.43%), animal protein 6.03gr. (83.50%), calcium 110.75mg (48.15%), iron 2.20mg. (56.15%), Vitamin A 328.16 I.U.. (49.22%), Vitamin $B_1$ 0.22mg. (59.45%), Vitamin $B_2$ 0.14mg (32.56%), Niacin 3.20mg. (68.08%), Vitamin C 9.79mg. (73.44%). All the nutrients are under the recommended dietary allowances. 2) The correlation between the boys and girls in the intake of protein, calcium, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, Niacin index revealed statistical significancy at the level of P<0.01. 3) According to the intake of calorie, the ratio of carbohydrates, protein and fat is 78 : 14 : 8, which is excessive meal of carbohydrate. 4) Among the total intake of the protein consists of 30.20% for the boys and 32.90% for the girls. 5) The most favorite food for boys and girls from the packed-lunch is kimchi, egg, ham, sausage, cuttle-fish, laver and beef, and pork and pickles are most undesirable items. 6) The most favorite snack is bread, cake, ice cream, chocolate, fruits and milk. 7) Both boys and girls like Kimchi, fried and saute foods but dislike Namul (seasoned green vegetables) the most. 8. The side dishes of the packed·lunch lack in variety of cooking method.