• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.229-247
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• 2014

Seven feeding trials were conducted to determine the effects of feeding rate and frequency in the Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli at seven different water temperatures. Two feeding-rate experiments for 5-g Korean rockfish at $17^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$; three feeding rate experiments for 16-g Korean rockfish at $16^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$; and finally, two feeding frequency experiments for 93- and 100-g at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ were conducted. Twenty fish averaging $5.5{\pm}0.2$ g ($mean{\pm}SD$) were randomly distributed into 18 indoor tanks containing 40-L seawater from a semi-recirculation system. Fish were fed a commercial diet for 4 weeks at water temperatures of $17^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency in growing Korean rockfish reared at temperatures of $15^{\circ}C$ and $19^{\circ}C$. Broken line regression analysis of weight gain (WG) indicated that the optimum feeding rates of 5-g growing Korean rockfish were 4.48% (BW/day; BW, body weight) at $17^{\circ}C$ and 4.83% (BW/day) at $20^{\circ}C$. Broken line regression analysis of WG showed optimum feeding rates of 16-g juvenile Korean rockfish of 3.41% (BW/day) at $16^{\circ}C$, 3.75% (BW/day) at $20^{\circ}C$, and 3.34% (BW/day) at $24^{\circ}C$. The biological performance, results, along with morphological indices and serological characteristics, suggest that a feeding frequency of 1 meal/day was optimal to improve WG in growing Korean rockfish grown from 93 to 133 g at a water temperature of $15^{\circ}C$, and 100 to 132 g at $19^{\circ}C$.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.27.1-27.8
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• 2016

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in extruded pellets containing various fish meals were determined for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eight extruded pellet diets were prepared to contain different fish meals (herring fish meal, anchovy fish meal, mackerel fish meal, sardine fish meal-A, sardine fish meal-B, tuna fish meal, pollock fish meal-A, and pollock fish meal-B) designated as HM, AM, MM, SM-A, SM-B, TM, PM-A, and PM-B, respectively. Chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) was used as an inert indicator at a concentration of 0.5 % in the diet. Feces were collected from triplicate groups of fish ($151{\pm}4.0g$) using a fecal collection column attached to the fish rearing tank for 4 weeks. Dry matter ADCs of the MM, SM-A, SM-B, and PM-A diets were higher than those of all the other dietary groups, and the lowest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the PM-B diet. Fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets showed significantly higher ADC of protein than those fed the AM, SM-B, TM, and PM-B diets. Lipid ADC of PM-B was significantly lower than that of the other diets. Energy ADCs of fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were significantly higher than those of the other diets. The availability of essential amino acids in the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than that of the other fish meal diets, while TM showed the lowest values among all the experimental diets. ADCs of fatty acids in the AM, MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than those of fatty acids in the other diets, and the lowest values were recorded for the PM-B diet. These results provide information on the bioavailability of nutrients and energy in various fish meals which can be used to properly formulate practical extruded feeds for olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded pellet (EP) diets, as compared to a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, grown in commercial-scale aquaculture for 1 year. Four diets with duplication per diet were formulated for this experiment: two experimental EP diets (EP1 and EP2), one commercial EP diet (CEP), and a raw fish MP diet (MP). The MP diet consisted of 80% frozen horse mackerel and 20% commercial binder meal. Fish weighing $30.1{\pm}0.1 g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were distributed randomly to each aquarium as a group of 2,600 fish. Weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed EP2 and MP were higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed CEP, while those of fish fed EP1 did not differ (P>0.05) from those fed EP2 and MP. However, fish fed the MP diet had a higher survival rate than fish fed the other diets. Fish fed EP2 had higher serum, phospholipids and total protein levels, and lower levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and total cholesterol than fish fed MP (P<0.05). Dorsal muscle and liver proteins and lipid of fish fed EP1 were higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed CEP, while those of fish fed EP1 and MP did not differ from those of fish fed EP2 (P>0.05). These results strongly suggest that EP1 could be developed to replace MP for grow-out stage production of olive flounder without adverse effects on growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1320-1328
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of $30.8{\times}2.6kg$ were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $25.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of $7.95{\pm}1.59kg$) weaned at $28{\times}2d$ were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2020

We evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of phytosterol on the growth, feed utilization, immunity, digestibility, wound healing ability and disease resistance of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. We conducted two consecutive feeding trials at different growth stages of the fish: EXP-1 (68.9 g) and EXP-2 (16.5 g). The experimental diets were supplemented with graded levels of phytosterol (1% ecdysteroid extracted from Achyranthis radix) at 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% (designated as Con, PHY0.025, PHY0.05, PHY0.1, PHY0.2 and PHY0.4, respectively). Dietary phytosterol did not significantly affect growth and cholesterol concentration. Feed utilization was higher in fish fed phytosterol-supplemented diets than in fish fed the control diet. Dietary phytosterol increased innate immunity and digestibility of protein and dry matter. Wound healing ability was also increased by the phytosterol supplementation. The survival against Edwardsiella tarda challenge was higher in fish fed low-phytosterol diets than in fish fed the control diet. The optimum dietary level of phytosterol seems to be approximately 0.05%. The results in this study indicate that the phytosterol could be used as a functional supplement in diets to improve feed utilization, immunity, digestibility and wound healing ability of olive flounder.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.377-384
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• 1996

실용적인 사료의 효과를 검토하기 위해 단백질함량이 $41\~45\%$인 4종류의 실험사료를 dry pellet 형태로 제조하였다. 단백질원으로 어분을 $58\%$ 첨가한 사료를 대조구(사료 1)로 하고, 대조구의 어분을 육분, 콘글루텐 밀, 대두박 및 혈분으로 각각 다른 비율로 대체하여 어분 함량을 $40\%$ 전후로 감소시킨 실험사료들(사료 $2\~4$)을 설계하여 시판되고 있는 해산어용 배합사료 A, B, C (단백질 함량 : $51\~53\%$) 및 양어가들이 선호하는 RMP 사료(넙치용 분말사료와 냉동 메가리를 1 : 1의 비율로 혼합한 moist pellet, 단백질 함량 : $58\%$)와 그 효과를 사육 실험을 통해 비교하였다. 평균체중 125 g의 조피볼락을 선별하여 실험사료마다 2반복으로 15주간 사육실험한 결과, 최종 평균체중, 증체율, 사료효율, 일일사료섭취율, 일일단백질섭취율, 단백질효율 및 간 중량지수가 RMP 구를 제외한 실험사료와 상품사료를 급여한 실험구들은 대조구와 통계적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). RMP 섭취구의 증체율이 대조구와는 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 실험사료(사료 $2\~4$)와 상품사료(사료 $A\~C$)보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, 단백질효율은 RMP 구가 가장 높았고, 상품사료 B가 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 대조사료에서 1 kg의 어체를 증체시키는데 소요되는 사료비용을 100으로 환산하였을 때, 사료 3 급여구는 92, 사료 4 급여구는 79로 나타나, 대조구보다 $10\~20\%$ 정도의 사료비가 절감되었고, RMP 사료 급여구는 대조구보다 $27\%$의 사료비가 더 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 종료시 간과 근육의 수분, 단백질, 지질 및 회분 함량은 모든 실험구간에 유의차는 없었다(P>0.05).

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

본 연구는 미성어기 넙치 사육용으로 부상배합사료를 제조하여 습사료와 그 효능을 비교함으로써 넙치 배합사료 개발을 위한 자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 최초 평균체중 594g의 실험어를 6개의 15톤 수조에 150마리씩 사료별 2반복으로 수용하여, 실험 부상배합사료 2종류와 습사료를 1일 2회 만복으로 공급하며 32주간 사육하였다. 사육기간 동안의 평균수온은 $13.2{\pm}4.0^{\circ}C$였다. 생존율은 실험구 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 최종체중은 MP 실험구가 EP1과는 차이가 없었으나, EP2 보다는 높았다. 사료효율은 MP 실험구가 EP 실험구보다 낮았으며, 사료섭취율은 MP가 EP 실험구보다 높았다. 실험어의 비만도는 모든 실험구 간에 차이가 없었다. 사육실험 종료 후, 실험어 등근육의 수분, 조단백질 및 조지질 함량은 실험사료에 유의한 영향을 받았다. 이상의 결과로부터, 본 연구에 사용된 EP의 사료조성은 미성어기에서 상품크기의 넙치 사육을 위한 MP 대체 배합사료 개발에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.255-264
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• 1996

여러 가지 종류의 단백질 원료를 혼합하여 성장이 좋고, 가격이 싼 조피볼락용 배합사료를 개발하기 위해 설계한 사료의 효과를 사육실험을 통해 조사하였다. 북양어분 간접식 $29\%$와 갈색 어분 $29\%$ 첨가구를 대조구로 정하고 원료의 필수아미노산 조성을 고려하여 대두박, 콘글루텐 밀, 육분, 혈분, 우모분, 소맥분을 각각 다른 비율로 첨가하여 어분 단백질원인 북양어분과 갈색어분을 $40\%$에서 $65\%$까지 대체한 사료 6종류와 RMP(생사료+분말사료)구를 선정하여 총 8종류의 실험사료를 제조하였다. 33 g 전후의 조피볼락을 실험사료마다 각각 3반복으로 15주간 사육 실험한 결과, 증체율은 사료 2, 3, 4구와 RMP 사료가 대조구와 유의차없이 좋은 결과를 보였다(P>0.05). 반면에 사료효율은 RMP구가 가장 높았고, 사료 7이 가장 낮았다. 어체 1 kg 증육시키는데 소요되는 사료원가는 RMP구가 1,332원으로 가장 높았고, 대조구가 539원으로 나타났으며, 그 외 사료들은 $452\~498$원으로 비슷하였다. 위와 같이 사료 $5\~7$을 제외한 사료들은 성장효과가 대조구와 유의차가 없어 30 g 이상의 어체에서는 식물성 및 동물성 원료를 적절히 혼합 첨가하면 사료중의 어분을 $55\%$까지 대체 가능하였으며, 양식 생산비를 절감할 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate plant proteins as a replacement for a fishmeal diet in the rearing of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Twelve groups of 20 fish averaging 34.0±0.62 g were randomly distributed into 12 rectangular tanks (250 L). Four experimental diets included a control diet containing 60% fishmeal (Control), and three other diets that replaced 20% of fishmeal with soy protein concentrate (SPC), fermented soybean protein concentrate (F-SPC), and enzyme-processed soy protein concentrate (E-SPC). At the end of the feeding trial, fish that were fed Control, SPC and E-SPC diets showed significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio than those that were fed F-SPC diet. However, there were no significant differences among the fish that were fed Control, SPC, and E-SPC diets. No significant differences were observed in crude protein, crude lipid, and ash of whole body among the fish that were fed all the diets. Therefore, these results indicated that 20% of fishmeal could be replaced by E-SPC or SPC without any adverse effects on the growth performance of coho salmon.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1074-1078
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• 2008

To investigate the antiviral activity of marine algae against fish pathogenic viruses, which are often the causes of viral disease in aquaculture, the 80% methanolic extracts of 21 species collected from the coast of Korea were screened for their in vitro antiviral activities on infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), using a flounder spleen (FSP) cell-line. Among them, Monostroma nitidum (10 ${\mu}g/mL$) exhibited the strongest inactivation on IHNV, showing a 2 log reduced virus titre as compared to the control in the determination of direct virucidal activity. In addition, Polysiphonia morrowii (100 ${\mu}g/mL$) remarkably reduced the virus titres of treated cells by 2-2.5 log, for both IHNV and IPNV, in the determination of cellular protective activity, implying the existence of substances that may modulate innate host defense mechanisms against viral infections. These results reveal that some marine algae could be promising candidates as sources of antiviral agents or as health-promoting feeds for aquaculture.