• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1614-1625
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of fish silage prepared from Indian oil sardines, Sardinella longiceps, as partial replacement of soybean meal as a sole source of protein for growing broiler chickens. The main objective of Experiment 1, an ileal digestibility assay, was to assess the nutritional value of fish silage compared with soybean meal for feeding broiler chickens. The two test ingredients, soybean meal and dried fish silage, were incorporated into semi-synthetic diets, as the only component containing protein. The ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids of fish silage were considerably higher than those of soybean meal (p<0.001). The lower digestibility of amino acids from soybean meal was related to the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors. Fish silage had higher levels of sulphur-containing amino acids than soybean meal. The objective of Experiment 2, a growth study, was to evaluate the effect of feeding fish silage on performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens raised under closed and open-sided housing systems. Four diets containing various levels of fish silage (0, 10, 20 and 30%) were evaluated. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. At the end of Experiment 2, 96 birds were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate meat quality characteristics. Housing type had significant effects on feed intake and body weight gain (p<0.01). Birds in the open-sided house consumed 4.7% less amount of feed and gained 10.6% less than their counterparts in a closed house. Birds in both houses fed diets containing 10 and 20% fish silage gained more than birds fed 30% fish silage. The current study produced evidence that fish silage can replace up to 20% of soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting either growth performance or the sensory quality of broiler meat.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1997

가다랭이 통조림 제조시 부산물로 대량 생산되는 내장을 유효하게 이용할 목적으로 유산균을 이용한 방법과 산첨가 방법에 따라 silage를 제조하고, 저장기간 중 성분변화를 검토한 결과, 산첨가 silage는 수분, 조지방, 조단백질 및 무기질의 함량이 유산균 발효 silage보다 높은 반면에, 탄수화물 및 다가불포화지방산 함량은 낮았다. 특히 저장기간의 경과에 따라 유산균 발효 silage의 n-3 지방산 함량의 증가가 두드러졌다. 산첨가 및 유산균 발효 silage의 주요 아미노산은 Glu, Asp, Leu, Gly 및 Ala 이었다. 산첨가 silage는 필수아미노산인 트립토판의 함량이 원료 내장에 비하여 $30\%$ 감소하였으나, 유산균 발효 silage는 $5\%$ 감소하였다. 또한 저장 기간의 경과에 따라 유산균 발효 silage의 비타민 $B_1$ 및 $B_2$ 의 함량은 증가하였으나, 산첨가 silage는 $B_1$ 함량만 미미하게 증가하였고, $B_2$는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 산첨가 silage는 회갈색을 띄고 비린내 및 젓갈냄새가 났으나, 유산균 발효 silage는 다갈색을 띄고 생성된 유기산에 의하여 산미를 나타내었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

가다랭이 통조림을 제조할 때 대량 폐기되는 내장을 유효하게 이용할 목적으로 어류 내장 silage 제조를 위한 유산균주의 배양특성 및 저장기간에 따른 원료의 성상변화를 조사한 결과, MRS 배지에서 배양한 L. bulgaricus 및 L. plantarum 균주는 $pH\;5.5\~6.5$, 배양온도 $35^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 산생성 및 증식이 양호하였으며, 가다랭이 내장 자숙액에 사용된 당질원인 당밀 dextrose의 적정 첨가농도는 가다랭이 내장 중량 당 각각 $10\%$와 $7\%$ 정도인 것으로 나타났다. 저장기간에 따라 산첨가 silage의 pH는 초기 4.0에서 저장 42일째 pH 4.5로 다소 증가하였으며, 유산균 발효 silage는 초기 pH 5.9에서 점차 감소하여 pH 약 4.0까지 저하되었다. silage의 초기 VBN 함량은 약 $62\~65\;mg/100g$에서 저장기간에 따라 점차 증가하여 저장 42일후 산첨가 silage는 112.6\;mg/100g이었고, L. bulgarius 및 L. plantarum 발효 silage는 각각 139.9 mg/100g와 155.0 mg/100g 이었다. L. plantarum 발효 silage의 저장중 경시별 아미노질소 함량은 저장 4일째 1391.3 mg/100g으로서 약 $81\%$의 가수분해율을 나타내었다. 또한 L. plantarum을 이용하여 제조한 발효 silage의 초기 생균수는 $2.7\times10^8/g$에서 저장 35일째는 $2.3\times10^7/g$으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2004

The effect of adding carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs to sweet potato leaves (SPL) on silage quality was studied using a total of 180 laboratory silos. Silage quality was assessed by changes of pH, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_{3}$-N). Pre-wilted SPL was mixed with cassava root meal (CRM), sweet potato root meal (SPM) or sugar cane molasses (Mo) at levels of 0, 30, 60 and 90 g $kg^{-1}$ (air-dry weight of additives to pre-wilted weight of SPL). Samples for assessing silage quality were collected after mixing the SPL with the additive and thereafter at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling. There was a marked decrease in pH after 7 days and the pH remained low and stable until day 56. Addition of 60 and 90 g $kg^{-1}$ resulted in a lower pH (p<0.05) than the other treatments. The DM content of the silage increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of additive, while there were no differences in DM with time of ensiling. The CP content of the silage decreased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of additive. The CP content did not change up to 28 days, but was lower (p<0.05) after 56 days in all treatments. The $NH_{3}$-N levels were increasing (p<0.05) with time of ensiling, and were lower (p<0.05) with additive levels of 60 g $kg^{-1}$ or higher. Also, the additive source affected the $NH_{3}$-N values, with the lowest values found for Mo. Castrated male pigs (Large White$\times$Mongcai) were used in 4$\times$4 Latin square design to study the total tract digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilisation of diets with inclusion of ensiled SPL. The diets were based on cassava root meal with inclusion of protein from either fish meal (C) or SPL ensiled with CRM (D1), SPL ensiled with SPM (D2) and SPL ensiled with Mo (D3). The digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and CP were higher (p<0.05), and the digestibility of crude fibre (CF) was lower (p<0.05), in diet C than in diets D1, D2 and D3. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in digestibility of dietary components between diets D1, D2 and D3. Also, the excretion of N in faeces was higher (p<0.05) and the N retention was lower (p<0.05) in diets D1, D2 and D3 than in diet C. It can be concluded from the present experiments, that a good quality silage can be produced from pre-wilted SPL by addition of 60 g $kg^{-1}$ of either CRM, SPM or Mo. Diets with inclusion of 450 g ensiled SPL $kg^{-1}$ DM showed a high digestibility of dietary components and thus ensiled SPL should be considered as a potential feed resource for growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.762-771
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine i) the fermentation characteristics of catfish by-product (C) ensiled with rice bran (RB) or sugarcane molasses (M) in different ratios, and ii) the digestibility of the silages in growing pigs. In the ensiling experiment, there were three ratios of C, ensiled with RB or M, of 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 (wet basis for C and air-dry basis for RB and M). The six treatments were CRB8:2, CRB7:3, CRB6:4, CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4, with 3 replications per treatment and seven sampling times. The pH of CRB7:3 and CRB6:4 decreased (p<0.05) from the first week and stayed stable until 8 weeks of ensiling, but the pH did not decrease in CRB8:2. The pH of CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4 decreased rapidly from the first week until week 8. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents were slightly lower when catfish by-product was ensiled with RB than with M. Ammonia content in all treatments increased (p<0.05) during ensiling. Lactic acid content in silages with molasses increased from the first week, with the highest value at week 4. However, the lactic acid content in CRB8:2 did not increase with time and had the lowest value of all treatments. Acetic acid proportions of total volatile fatty acids were low at day 0, with the highest value at day 7, decreasing slowly until 8 weeks. The butyric acid proportion was highest at day 0 and decreased up to week 8. The proportion of propionic acid increased during ensiling. The digestibility experiment had a 4${\times}$4 Latin-square design and included 4 castrated crossbreed (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) male pigs fed four diets. The basal diet (BD) included rice bran, broken rice and maize meal, and the other three diets included fish meal (FMD) or catfish by-product ensiled with rice bran (CRBD) or sugarcane molasses (CMD). The silages chosen were those which gave the best results in the ensiling experiment for each additive. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of DM and organic matter (OM) was not significantly different among treatments. The CTTAD of CP was not different among the silage diets, but was lower in BD (p<0.01). The CTTAD of ether extract (EE) was higher in the catfish by-product silage diets than in FMD and BD. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and EE between the fish meal and the by-product silages. In conclusion, catfish by-product can be successfully preserved by ensiling. Moreover, the total tract apparent digestibility of OM, CP and EE in ensiled catfish by-product was comparable with that of fish meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1278-1284
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• 2000

An experiment was performed to evaluate different methods for preserving shrimp by-products and to determine their chemical composition. In the first experiment three ratios of shrimp by-product (SBP) to molasses (6:1, 4:1 and 3:1, wet weight), and to cassava root meal (3:1, 2:1 and 1:1, wet weight of shrimp by-product and air-dry weight of cassava root meal) were investigated. The pH of the SBP ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1, and with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1, decreased during the first week to below 4.5 and remained low up to day 56 of ensiling, whereas the pH of the mixtures with higher ratios of SBP remained above 7.0, and the material deteriorated rapidly. The dry matter decreased initially in all treatments but then increased slightly from day 28 in the treatment where shrimp by-product was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. The crude protein (CP) and ammonia-N $(NH_3-N)$ contents of the preserved shrimp by-product material ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 increased significantly one week after ensiling. The CP content then remained constant, while the $NH_3-N$ concentration continued to increase up to 56 days after ensiling. When SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1 the CP content of the silage increased significantly up to 21 days after ensiling and then decreased back to the original level after 56 days, whereas $NH_3-N$ increased markedly up to 14 days and then remained fairly constant up to 56 days. However, the $NH_3-N$ content was significantly higher when SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal than with molasses. A balance experiment was carried out, arranged as a double Latin-square and including 6 F1 (Large White ${\times}$ Mong Cai) castrates fed randomly one of three diets based on cassava root meal, rice bran, and fish meal (FM) or shrimp by-product ensiled with molasses (SBEMO) or with cassava root meal (SBECA) as the main protein source. Apparent organic matter and CP digestibilities were significantly (p<0.001) higher for the fish meal diet than for the two shrimp by-product diets, although CP digestibility in SBEMO and SBECA was similar (p>0.05). N-retention was significantly higher for the fish meal diet than for the SBEMO diet, which in turn was significantly higher than for the SBECA diet (p<0.01). It can be concluded that shrimp by-product can be preserved by ensiling with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 or with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. Nutrient digestibility and N-retention of diets based on these shrimp by-product silages were lower than for similar diets based on fish meal, probably due to their high chitin content and inferior amino acid balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows ($42{\pm}12$ DIM, $40{\pm}6kg$ daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.924-930
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• 2010

Ileal and total tract digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance of diets with four different protein sources were determined in growing pigs. The diets were based on rice bran, broken rice and maize meal and contained Tra catfish by-product (CBP), processed using three different methods, and marine fish meal (FM). The CBP diets consisted of the by-product in meal form, ensiled with molasses, and CBP waste water (WWBD). The four diets were fed to four growing pigs fitted with post-valve T-cecum (PVTC) cannulas in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. All experimental diets included $Cr_2O_3$ at 5 g/kg feed as an indigestible marker. The ileal apparent digestibility of organic matter and ether extract was higher on diet WWBD than on the other three diets (p<0.05), and the total tract apparent digestibility was higher on diet WWBD than on the FM diet (p<0.05). The ileal and total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein and amino acids was not significantly different among diets (p>0.05). No significant effects of diet were found on N-retention and N utilization. In conclusion, the catfish by-product meal, ensiled catfish by-product and processing waste water diets and the fish meal diet had similar ileal and total tract apparent digestibility, and similar N utilization in growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2004

사료 지방의 종류에 따른 반추위 내 발효성상, 미생물 합성 효율 및 영양소 소화율을 조사하기 위하여 반추위와 십이지장에 누관이 설치된 4마리의 홀스타인 젖소를 4 ${\times}$ 4 라틴 방각법 대사실험을 수행하였다. 공시축들은 조사료 60% 및 농후사료 40% 비율의 완전혼합사료 형태로 급여하였다. 농후사료 내 지방원으로써 Megalac(MEG), 포름알데히드 처리 아마 종실(LIN), 어유와 포름알데히드 처리 아마종실 혼합(MIX; 50 : 50, oil basis), 그리고 농후사료 내 지방을 첨가하지 않고 아마유를 십이지장에 하루 500g 주입한 것(OIL)을 포함하여 총 4개의 처리구를 두었다. 반추위 pH는 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았으나(P < 0.05), Ammonia N 농도는 처리구들간 통계적 유의차가 없었다. Total VFA, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate 및 iso-valerate 농도 또한 처리구들간 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 반면에 butyrate와 valerate는 OIL 처리구에서 가장 높았고, MEG 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.05). DM, OM, NDF 및 ADF 섭취량은 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.01). 그러나, 십이지장으로의 영양소들의 flow, 반추위와 전장 소화율은 처리구들간에 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 질소 (N) 섭취량은 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.01). 십이지장으로의 total N, nonammonia N 및 microbial N flow는 처리구들간 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 그리고, 미생물합성효율, ammonia N 및 total N의 반추위 및 전장 소화율 또한 처리구들간에 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 따라서, 본 실험결과는 사료 내 6% 정도의 지방원료 첨가는 형태와 종류에 상관없이 반추위 발효성상, 미생물 합성 효율, 반추위 및 전장 내 영양소 이용효율을 감소 시키지 않음을 나타내고 있다.