• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.183-203
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• 2008

"Uihakdokseogi(醫學讀書記)" is a casual work which mentions Ujaekyeong(尤在涇)'s thoughts on various problems found through extensive studying or in practice. The book does not focus on a single topic, thus the spectrum of the work is broad and is filled with problems which would interest most medical professionals. The major contents of the first volume of "Uihakdokseogi(醫學讀書記)" include differences of view on health preservation, the Five Circuit Phases[五運] and Six Atmospheric Influences[六氣], diseases, and the "Naegyeong(內經)", mentions on errors in transcription , and the gap between certain contents in "Yeongchu(靈樞)" and "Somun(素問)". U[尤在涇] asserts that Eum and Yang(陰陽) in a human should be in harmony as is the Gi(氣) of the sky and earth[天地] is, and that one should live according to the Gi(氣) of the four seasons to live a healthy life. He does not vary largely from the context of other writers on the matter of the Five Circuit Phases [五運] and Six Atmospheric Influences[六氣], and focuses on the concepts of predominant Gi[主氣], guest Gi[客氣], corresponding years[天符] , correlating years[歲會], and Taeeul corresponding years[太乙天符]. He mentions causes, symptoms, and treatments of various diseases such as cough due to asthenia of the viscera, stagnation of Yang(陽), stagnation of Eum(陰), abscess of the stomach, hard abscess of the intestines, upper emaciation, edema of the limbs, inability to raise the limbs, broken thigh, turbid fluid, inversion of Gi(氣) flow, sudden onset of fainting with cold extremities, diarrhea due to disorder of Gi(氣), and malaria. U[尤在涇] also points out faults of "Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion[甲乙經]" in the understanding of "Naegyeong(內經)".

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.86-96
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• 2022

Background: To explore the association between low back pain (LBP) and pelvic pain (PP) and rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) in postpartum women and identify the characteristics and risk factors. Methods: Women diagnosed with RAD and a history of labor and delivery, between 2009 and 2018, were identified from six hospitals within the Partners Healthcare System. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with pain. Results: Age at onset of RAD in the non-cesarean delivery group was earlier than those in cesarean delivery (CD) group (P = 0.017). Women who underwent CD demonstrated 4.5 times greater risk of RAD than those who had no CD exposure. The cumulative composition ratio of LBP at every age stage of the period from 8 years pre-first delivery to 8 years post-first delivery was significantly higher than the other five conditions (RAD, umbilical hernia, PP, depressive disorder [DD], and strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon [SMFT]) (P for trend < 0.001). Women with DD, SMFT, and PP were more likely to have LBP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 3.47, P = 0.032; OR = 4.50, 95% CI 1.64 to 12.36, P = 0.003; OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.89, P = 0.013; respectively). Conclusions: In postpartum women with RAD, DD, SMFT, and PP were found to be risk factors contributing to the development of LBP. Race and LBP also played roles in the development of PP.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.697-709
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• 2022

Objective : The present study aimed to identify the function of ischemic stroke (IS) patients' peripheral blood and its role in IS, explore the pathogenesis, and provide direction for clinical research progress by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Methods : Two datasets, including GSE58294 and GSE22255, were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. GEO2R was utilized to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed using the database annotation, visualization and integrated discovery database. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed by search tool of searching interactive gene and visualized by Cytoscape software, and then the Hub gene was identified by degree analysis. The microRNA (miRNA) and miRNA target genes closely related to the onset of stroke were obtained through the miRNA gene regulatory network. Results : In total, 36 DEGs, containing 27 up-regulated and nine down-regulated DEGs, were identified. GO functional analysis showed that these DEGs were involved in regulation of apoptotic process, cytoplasm, protein binding and other biological processes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs mediated signaling pathways, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I infection and microRNAs in cancer. The results of PPI network and cytohubba showed that there was a relationship between DEGs, and five hub genes related to stroke were obtained : SOCS3, KRAS, PTGS2, EGR1, and DUSP1. Combined with the visualization of DEG-miRNAs, hsa-mir-16-5p, hsa-mir-181a-5p and hsa-mir-124-3p were predicted to be the key miRNAs in stroke, and three miRNAs were related to hub gene. Conclusion : Thirty-six DEGs, five Hub genes, and three miRNA were obtained from bioinformatics analysis of IS microarray data, which might provide potential targets for diagnosis and treatment of IS.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2023

Backgrounds/Aims: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy within one week of acute cholecystitis is considered safe and advantageous. Surgery beyond first week is reserved for non-resolving attack or complications. To compare clinical outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the first week and between two to six weeks of an attack of acute cholecystitis. Methods: In an analysis of a prospectively maintained database, all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis were divided into two groups: group A, operated within one week; and group B, operated between two to six weeks of an attack. Main variables studied were mean operative time, conversion to open cholecystectomy, morbidity profile, and duration of hospital stay. Results: A total of 116 patients (74 in group A and 42 in group B) were included. Mean interval between onset of symptoms & surgery was five days (range, 1-7 days) in group A and 12 days (range, 8-20 days) in group B. Operative time and incidence of subtotal cholecystectomy were higher in group B (statistically not significant). Mean postoperative stay was 2 days in group A and 3 days in group B. Laparoscopy was converted to open cholecystectomy in two patients in each group. There was no incidence of biliary injury. One patient in group B died during the postoperative period due to continued sepsis and multiorgan failure. Conclusions: In tertiary care setting, with adequate surgical expertise, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed in patients with acute cholecystitis irrespective of the time of presentation.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.784-792
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• 2022

Background/Aims: Patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) after metallic stent (MS) placement for malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) have a high surgical risk. We performed percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration (PTGBA) as the first treatment for AC. We aimed to identify the risk factors for AC after MS placement and the poor response factors of PTGBA. Methods: We enrolled 401 patients who underwent MS placement for MBO between April 2011 and March 2020. The incidence of AC was 10.7%. Of these 43 patients, 37 underwent PTGBA as the first treatment. The patients' responses to PTGBA were divided into good and poor response groups. Results: There were 20 patients in good response group and 17 patients in poor response group. Risk factors for cholecystitis after MS placement included cystic duct obstruction (p<0.001) and covered MS (p<0.001). Cystic duct obstruction (p=0.003) and uncovered MS (p=0.011) demonstrated significantly poor responses to PTGBA. Cystic duct obstruction is a risk factor for cholecystitis and poor response factor for PTGBA, whereas covered MS is a risk factor for cholecystitis and an uncovered MS is a poor response factor of PTGBA for cholecystitis. Conclusions: The onset and poor response factors of AC after MS placement were different between covered and uncovered MS. PTGBA can be a viable option for AC after MS placement, especially in patients with covered MS.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.94-101
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the results of a contact investigation on health care workers after exposure to a house officer with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods: Eighty nine out of 101 subjects who had close contact with the index patient agreed to be enrolled in the investigation. The first contact investigation was conducted approximately 30 days after the index patient's onset of symptoms, followed by the second investigation after 10 weeks. In both, clinical manifestations were studied, and chest X-ray and tuberculin skin test (TST)/QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT-G) in dual screening strategy were conducted. Results: The first TST resulted in positive in 34 subjects (38.2%). QFT-G was conducted on 16 subjects who tested positive in the first TST and aged under 36. Six of them (37.5%) were positive. The second TST was conducted on 41 subjects with negative results in the first TST. Seventeen (41.5%) were positive and among them, three (17.6%) showed positive QFT-G. None of the subjects were diagnosed with active TB. The probability of TB infection through contact with the index patient was 7.3% (3/41) in dual screening strategy while it was 41.5% (17/41) in TST strategy. Conclusions: This first hospital-setting contact investigation for tuberculosis in Korea revealed that latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) rates vary depending on different diagnostic strategies. This indicates the need for systematic guidelines for diagnosing LTBI in health care workers who have professional exposure to TB.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 1998

This study was performed to compare the transcultural differences on perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes and sex role acceptance between Korean and American college students. The subjects, 2557 nursing students were selected from 13 universities all around Korea, and 4 universities in the eastern, western, and middle areas of the United States. The data were collected using the MDQ (Menstrual Distress Questionnaire by Moos), the MAQ(Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire), and the Sex Role Acceptance Scale, the subjects answered the MDQ for three points (premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual based on their recollections) between July, 1996 and April, 1997. The findings are as follows : 1. There were significant differences in the age of menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle between the Koreans and the Americans. 2. As for sex role acceptance, Americans more frequently denied the traditional female role than did Koreans. 3. There were significant differences between the two groups on five categories of menstrual attitude (menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically, menstruation is a bothersome phenomena, menstruation is a natural phenomena, menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena, and menstruation is a phenomena that does not influence womens' behaviors non is expected to). 4. For the menstrual discomfort scores, there were significant differences between the two groups on all six categories of the MDQ(pain, attention deficit, behavioral changes, AMS response, water retention, and negative emotion) for the three points (premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual period). 5. The most common complaints for the Korean women were pain during the perimenstrual period and fatigue during the intermenstrual period. In contrast, for the Americans the most common complaint was negative emotions during the perimenstrual period, but less pain than the Koreans, and a similarity to Koreans during the intermenstrual period. 6. Regularity of the menstrual cycle was positively correlated with age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and duration of menstruation. 7 For the interrelationship between of Perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and sex role acceptance, there were significant correlations for both group as follows : First, the MA category "menstruation is a bothering phenomena" was negatively correlated with sex role acceptance, second, the MA category "menstruation is a phenomena that weakens the women physically and psychologically" was positively correlated with the MA category "menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena." For the further research, it is recommended that efficient nursing intervention programs for perimenstrual discomforts, be developed and qualitative research to demonstrate the cultural differences as the feminism view point be done.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.247-257
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• 1996

This is a preliminary report on the first segment of a continuing and prospective teaming disorder study project in Korea. Study subjects were 197 children, aged between 6 and 15 referred for psychiatric evaluation of scholastic problems. Demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses and intelligence and achievement test results were reviewed and analyzed. Analyses of data lead to the following conclusions : (1) About 20.8% of children referred for scholastic problems were diagnosed of teaming disorder(LD). The most prevalent diagnosis among these children with scholastic problem was emotional disorder, especially depressive disorder(33%), (2) The comorbid rate of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of 41 children with LD was 44%, (3) Male/female ratio was 5.8:1 among all of the LD children, 17:1 among children with LD and ADHD and 3.6:l among children with LD but without ADHD, (4) 83% of children with LD scored above middle level on socioeconomic status(SES), (5) Age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, onset of age, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends, presence of adaptation problem and academic achievements of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. No significant differences between two groups were found on age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends and presence of adaptation problem. However, there were significant differences in academic achievements of Korean language total, speaking and listening score, arithmetic score, social science score and music score of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. Also there was an ealier onset of age in LD and ADHD group when compared to LD but without ADHD group.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis is centrally controlled by a complex regulatory network of excitatory and inhibitory signals, that is dormant during infantile and juvenile periods and activated at puberty. The kisspeptins are the peptide products of the KiSS-1 gene and the endogenous agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor 54(GPR54). Although KiSS-1 was initially discovered as a metastasis suppressor gene, a recent evidence suggests the KiSS-1/GPR54 system is a key regulator of the reproductive system. Yet the actual role of the KiSS-1/GPR54 system in the neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin secretion remains largely unexplored, the system could be the first missing link in the reproductive hormonal axis. Central or peripheral administration of kisspeptin stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, increasing circulating gonadotropin levels in rodents, sheep, monkey and human models. These effects appear likely to be mediated via the hypothalamic GnRH neuron system, although kisspeptins may have direct effects on the anterior pituitary gland. The loss of function mutations of the GPR54(GPR54-/-) have been associated with lack of puberty onset and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(IHH). So kisspeptin infusion may provide a novel mechanism for HPG axis manipulation in disorders of the reproductive system.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 1984

This study was conducted to find out the changes of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ levels in the serum of female Korean native goats during the reproductive stages such as the estrous cycle, pregnancy and periparturient period. Nine heads of female Korean native goats of 3 year old in average and weighing 35.7$\pm$1.4 kg were offered for the experiment. Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18 and 19 days after onset of estrus, and 1, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 149 days of pregnancy, and -5, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 and +5 days of periparturient period where minus figures denote the days before paturition. The progesterone, estradiol-17$\beta$ in the serum samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study are summarized as follow: 1. The progesterone levels during the estrous cycles reached a peak level of 0.98$\pm$0.60ng/ml at 13 days after onset of estrus and decreased thereafter and were lower than 0.09$\pm$0.02mg/ml on the first day of estrus. 2. The estradioe17$\beta$ levels during the estrous cycles showed a peak level of 15.97$\pm$1.72pg/ml at onest of estrus, and decreased (5.41$\pm$0.51pg/ml-9.09$\pm$1.82pg/ml) during luteal phase. 3. The progesterone levels during the gestation period increased from day 1 and peaked at 90 days after mating and then decreased until 149 days. The peak level was 6.27$\pm$0.23ng/ml at 90 days. 4. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the gestation period showed gradual increase, which were 9.03$\pm$0.88, 32.96$\pm$2.85, 46.03$\pm$2.42, and 54.06$\pm$1.64pg/ml on 30, 60, 90 and 120 dyas after mating respectively. 5. The progesterone levels measured from 5 days before the parturition to 5 days after showed the highest level at the shart of measurement (4.46$\pm$0.31ng/ml) and decreased gradually and bottomed out at one day post-partum and thereafter (0.24$\pm$0.02-0.45$\pm$0.06ng/ml). 6. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels measured during the same periparturient period as progesterone showed increase to reach the peak level at 1 day before parturition and decreased rapidly thereafter (-5 dyas 69.46$\pm$3.62, -2 days 107.07$\pm$1.91, -1 days 137.83$\pm$7.54, 0 days 50.06$\pm$6.71 and +1 to +5 days 3.21-4.72 pg/ml).