• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.326-335
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• 2016

Purpose: It is crucial to provide adequate enteral nutrition for postoperative recovery, wound healing and normal growth in infants in pediatric cardiac ICUs. This study was done to develop a feeding protocol using the vaso-active inotropic (VAI) score and to evaluate the impact of nutritional outcomes following the new feeding protocol for infants who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods: This study consisted of three phases. First, a feeding protocol was developed based on a literature review. Second, ten experts rated the content validity. Third, a comparison study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the new feeding protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: Twenty-nine infants were enrolled in the pre-protocol group, and 22 infants in the post-protocol group. Patients in the 2 groups were similar. Time to reach feeding goal was significantly decreased from 56.0 (27-210) hours to 28.5 (10-496) hours in the post-protocol group (Z=-4.22, p<.001). Level of enteral feeding knowledge among nurses increased significantly after implementation of the protocol. Conclusion: The feeding protocol using VAI score facilitates the achievement feeding goal to decrease feeding interruptions and help nurses in their practice. Larger studies are necessary to examine clinical outcomes following the implementation of this feeding protocol.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.150-153
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• 2023

A fern spore-feeding stathmopodid species, Calicotis latebrifica Terada, 2016 is reported for the first time from Korea on the basis of one male and three females from Island Chujado, Jeju Province. This record represents the third example of the Korean Lepidoptera associated with fern spores for larval food items. The species is similar to Cuprina fuscella Sinev, 1988 in feeding on fern spores but differs from the latter in the body color and the presence of cilia on the ventral side of antennal flagellum. The genus Calicotis is introduced for the first time to the Korean fauna. Calicotis latebrifica has been known exclusively from Japan before this study. Larval habits for feeding and shelter construction were demonstrated from field observation and rearing in captivity. A new host plant of C. latebrifica, Dryopteris nipponensis Koidz. is recorded. The habitus and genitalia of both sexes are briefly described for C. latebrifica with photographs.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of feeding ability and articulatory function in the children with spastic cerebral palsy and typically developing children according to feeding subtypes. The feeding subtypes were limited by chewing, cup drinking and spoon feeding. 14 children with spastic cerebral palsy and 14 typically developing children were participated in this study. The results were following as; First, there were significant differences in overall articulatory function between two groups Second, all scores of articulators' function according to feeding subtypes in children with cerebral palsy was significantly higher than typically developing children Third, chewing mode in feeding subtypes was highly correlated with lip and tongue movement. compared to another Finally, the correlation between spoon feeding and mobility of lip and tongue was high in both groups. These results suggested that These results suggest that the effort to find out the differences feeding ability and appliances for articulatory function in CP children are meaningful in catching their speech ability indirectly. Moreover, the more organized feeding skills should be discussed in the relationship with verbal and nonverbal development.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1987년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집; 한국과학기술대학, 충남; 16-17 Oct. 1987
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• pp.264-268
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• 1987

This paper is concerned on kinematic analysis and simulation of an automatic feeding mechanism subjected by the motion of a curvilinear inverse can. The curvilinear cam is rotated by positioning a translating roller and the automatic feeding mechanism is moved to the sliding position by the motion of a campin fixed on the curvilinear cam. The curvilinear cam consists of two arcs of circles and two straight lines. The modular approach is used for the kinematic analysis of the feeding mechanism. As the first part of the paper for the motion simulation of the cam-feeding system, this paper discusses the algorithm to simulate the motion of the cam-feeding mechanism. The second part of the paper presents the state-of-art for the graphics-oriented CAD technique,

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1182-1189
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• 2007

An intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of somatostatin 1-28 (SRIF) was used as a thirst-controlling peptide antagonist to investigate whether or not thirst-controlling peptides are involved in the significant decrease in feed intake during the initial stages of feeding large-type goats on dry forage. A continuous ICV infusion of SRIF was conducted at a small dose of $4{\mu}g$ ml/h for 27 h from day 1 to day 2. Goats (n = 5) were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h twice daily and water was given ad libitum. Feed intake was measured during ICV infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and SRIF. The feed intake during SRIF infusion increased significantly compared to that during ACSF infusion. In comparison to the ACSF treatment, plasma osmolality during the SRIF treatment significantly decreased during the first half of the 2 h feeding period. The factor causing the decrease in plasma osmolality during the ICV infusion of SRIF was a decrease in plasma Na, K, Cl, and Mg concentrations. In comparison to the ACSF infusion treatment, parotid saliva secretion volumes during the 2 h feeding period in the SRIF infusion treatment were significantly larger. While there was no significant difference in cumulative water intake (thirst levels) between the SRIF and the ACSF treatments upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period, based on the plasma osmolality results it is thought that thirst level increases brought about by alfalfa hay cube feeding in the first half of the feeding period were reduced. It is thought that the somatostatin-induced increases in feed intake during the 2 h feeding period in the present experiment were caused by decreases in plasma osmolality brought about by the somatostatin infusion. As a result, it is suggested that the significant decrease in feed intake during the initial stages of feeding in large-type goats given roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, was due to the actions of thirst-controlling peptides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.467-473
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• 2001

The internal humoral factors in the central regulation of dry feed intake during water deprivation in sheep were investigated by measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constituents. Five animals were fed dried alfalfa chaff for 2 hours once a day. Sheep in the water deprivation treatment were deprived of water for 28 hours, while the sheep in the control treatment were given free access to water. During the first hour of the 2 hour feeding period, a rapid reduction in blood volume occured in both treatments (water deprivation and free access to water). The CSF concentrations of Na, Cl and osmolality during the second hour of the 2 hour feeding period in both treatments were greater (p<0.01) than those during the first hour. The drinking behaviors in sheep were concentrated during the second hour of the 2 hour feeding period in periods of free access to water. Water intake during feeding in periods of free access to water was 1110 ml/2 h. The levels of increase in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation were greater (p<0.01) than during periods of free access to water. The changes in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation produced more vigorous thirst sensations in the brain compared to during periods of free access to water. The eating rates for the first hour of the allotted 2 hour feeding period were the same under both treatments. However, the eating rates for the second hour during water deprivation periods decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to those during periods of free access to water. The decreased eating rates for the second hour during water deprivation may be due to the vigorous thirst sensations produced in the brain. The results suggest that the increase in CSF osmolality with feeding during water deprivation acts as a thirst and satiety factor in brain mechanisms controlling feeding to decrease dry feed intake in water-deprived sheep.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.863-871
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• 2002

To compare the costs incurred by infant feeding between mothers who breastfed their infants and those who fed them infant formula, a questionnaire survey was carried out to 136 mothers living in Seoul, Cheongju and Chungju who breastfed and 199 mothers who formula-fed their infants. The cost of formula-feeding was estimated based on the expenditures for formula and feeding apparatus, and the time needed to wash bottles and prepare formula. The cost of breastfeeding was estimated based on the expenditures for food for the additional nutritional intake of these mothers. The mean cost of formula-feeding was ￦ 1,870,125 during the first year of the baby＇s life. The food cost for the additional nutritional intake of the breastfeeding mothers was ￦ 203.004 per year. The extra medical cost for respiratory illnesses in the formula-fed group compared to the breastfed group was W 62,920 because the formula-fed infants required medical attention for respiratory illnesses more often than the breast-fed infants. Therefore, breastfeeding could save ￦ 1,730,041 during the first year of an infant＇s life. We may have underestimated the cost savings from breastfeeding because we did not take into account the potentially decreased costs of fertility control and the health benefits for mothers. as well as the decreased usage of water and gas. Analyses showed that breastfeeding is not only nutritionally advantageous, but also economically advantageous for families and society.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.1118-1125
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• 2003

Research was carried out to clarify whether a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in ruminants is caused by feeding induced hypovolemia which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva. Goats with a parotid fistula were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, commercial ground concentrate feed and $NaHCO_3$ twice daily (10:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00). The animals were free access to drinking water all day prior to, during and after experiments. The animals were intraruminally infused every day prior to the morning feeding period with parotid saliva collected from the parotid fistula over a 24 h period. The present experiment consisted of two treatments, non-infusion (RNI) and intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva (RSF). In the RSF treatment, 4-5 kg of parotid saliva (280-290 mOsm/l) collected over a 24 h period was intraruminally infused 1 h prior to the commencement of the morning feeding. During feeding, eating and parotid saliva secretion rates were measured. Blood samples were also periodically collected from the jugular vein. During and after 2 h feeding, water intakes were measured, respectively. These measurements were used to define thirst levels. It is thought that rumen fill in the RSF treatment was higher than the RNI treatment. Plasma osmolality in the RSF treatment increased in the first half of the 2 h feeding period due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. Therefore, parotid saliva secretion rates in the RSF treatment were lower than the RNI treatment for 30 min period from 30 to 60 min after the commencement of feeding. On the other hand, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment decreased by 3.2 and 3.3% prior to the commencement of feeding due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. In the first half of the 2 h feeding period, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment showed a tendency to decrease compared to the RNI treatment. Thirst level in the RSF treatment during feeding was approximately 31.3% less than the RNI treatment. Upon the completion of the 2 h feeding period, cumulative feed intake in the RSF treatment was significantly larger (19.7%) than the RNI treatment. The results suggest that a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in goats is partly caused by feeding induced hypovolemia, which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.45-58
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• 1991

The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the determinants of mother's choice of infant feeding method on immediate postpartum period & the breast feeding practice after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5months. The subjects were 170 mothers who were delivered at 2 hospital, 2 OBGY clinics, 1 midwifery in Jinju, the data were collected from Jan. 1 to Feb. 20 of 1991, form each subject at two periods of time ; postpartum 2 or 3 days via interview, 5months via telephone interview. The results were as fellows : 1. The propotion of mother planned exclusive breast-feeding was 66.5%, milk feeding 17.6%, mixed feeding 15.9%, End 38.9% of mothers planned to breast-feed their infants for 4-6moths, 25.7% for more than 12 months. The major reasons for selection of milk feeding method were the presence of mother's job(26.7%), the conditions of breast & milk production(23.7%). 2. There were significant relations between the choice of feeding method & the presence of s job(p<.01), & parity(p<.01). 3. The percentages of subjects that were received education about the advantages & method of breast feeding were 63.5%, 38.2%, respectively, & the informants were mass media, 89.8%, 81.5%. 4. The most of mothers had the knowledge about the advantages of breast feeding. 5. The percentage of mothers that practiced breast feeding on postpartum were 75.9%. 6. The rates of breast feeding practice by duration were more than 5months, 60.5%, 1 month, 27.1%, 2-4 months. 12.3%. 7. The reasons for the stop of breast feeding were the decrease of milk volume(22.9%), the presence of mother's job(17.4%). 8. The duration of breast feeding practice were differed significantly by the presence of mother's job, type of delivery, rooming-in, planned duration of breast feeding, the first feeding time.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.68-81
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• 1986

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 6가지 다른 사양방법(飼養方法)이 White Plymouth Rock 육용종웅계(肉用種雄鷄)의 생체중(生體重), 정소(精巢), 계관(鷄冠), 그리고 뇌하수체(腦下垂體)의 발육(發育)및 성성숙(性成熟)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 부화(孵化)후부터 22 주령(週齡)까지 2주(週)간격으로 생체중(生體重), 정소(精巢), 계관(鷄冠), 그리고 뇌하수체(腦下垂體)의 중량(重量)이 조사(調査)되었으며, 또한 정소조직(精巢組織)과 정액성상(精液性狀)이 조사(調査)되었다. 그 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 1. 생체중(生體重), 정소(精巢), 계관(鷄冠) 발육(發育)은 10주령(週齡)이후부터 무제한급이군(無制限給餌群)들이 제한급이군(制限給餌群)들 무제한급이군(無制限給餌群)들의 70% 급이(給餌)) 보다 2주(週)더 빠름을 나타내었다. 정소(精巢) 및 계관(鷄冠)의 급증시기(急增時期) 무제한급이군(無制限給餌群)들에서 20 주령(週齡)이었고, 제한급이군(制限給餌群)들에서 22 주령(週齡)이었다. 2. 뇌하수체(腦下垂體)의 무게는 부화(孵化)후부터 22 주령(週齡)까지 4 주령(週齡), 14주령(週齡), 16주령(週齡)을 제외(除外)하고 각(各) 주차별(週差別), 각(各) 처리군간(處理群間)에 유의성(有意性)이 나타나지 않았다. 뇌하수체(腦下垂體)의 중량(重量)은 주령(週齡)이 경과하면서 완만한 증가(增加)를 나타내었다. 3. 22주령(週齡)까지에서 주령(週齡), 생체중(生體重), 정소(精巢), 계관(鷄冠) 및 뇌하수체간(腦下垂體間)에는 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)인 상관관계(相關關係)를 나타내었다. 4. 세정관(細精管)의 관경(管俓)과 강경(腔俓)은 부화(孵化)후부터 10 주령(週齡)까지 점진적(漸進的)으로 증가(增加)되다가 무제한급이군(無制限給餌群)들에서는 12 주령(週齡)부터 제한급이군(制限給餌群)들에서는 14 주령(週齡)부터 급증(急增)하기 시작하였고, 그후에도 22주령(週齡)까지 계속 증가(增加)되었다. 5. 8주령(週齡)에는 각(各) 처리군(處理群)에서 제일차(第一次) 정모세포(精母細胞)가 처음으로 출현(出現)하였으며, 10주령(週齡)에는 무제한급이군(無制限給餌群)들에서 제이차(第二次) 정모세포(精母細胞)가 그리고 12주령(週齡)에는 제한급이군(制限給餌群)에서 제이차(第二次) 정모세포(精母細胞)가 처음으로 출현(出現)하였다. 14 주령(週齡)에는 무제한급이군(無制限給餌群)들에서 정자세포(精子細胞)와 정자(精子)가 첫 출현(出現)했으나, 제한급이군(制限給餌群)들에서는 정자세포(精子細胞)만 첫 출현(出現)했다. 6. 최초(最初)의 사정(射精)은 모든 처리군(處理群)들에서 14주령(週齡)과 16주령(週齡) 사이에 나타났으며, 평균(平均) 1회(回) 사정량(射精量)과 정자농도(精子農度)는 최초사정시(最初射精時) 0.1~0.2ml과 $5.6{\sim}9.8{\times}10^8/ml$의 범위를, 20주령시(週齡時)에는 0.30~0.35ml과 $22.4{\sim}42.7{\times}10^8/ml$의 범위를 나타내었다.