• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.508-518
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• 2019

Objective: This research aimed to determine biological pathways and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks for 305-d milk yield (MY), 305-d fat yield (FY), and age at first calving (AFC) in the Thai multibreed dairy population. Methods: Genotypic information contained 75,776 imputed and actual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 2,661 animals. Single-step genomic best linear unbiased predictions were utilized to estimate SNP genetic variances for MY, FY, and AFC. Fixed effects included herd-year-season, breed regression and heterosis regression effects. Random effects were animal additive genetic and residual. Individual SNP explaining at least 0.001% of the genetic variance for each trait were used to identify nearby genes in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed. The PPI of genes were identified and visualized of the PPI network. Results: Identified genes were involved in 16 enriched pathways related to MY, FY, and AFC. Most genes had two or more connections with other genes in the PPI network. Genes associated with MY, FY, and AFC based on the biological pathways and PPI were primarily involved in cellular processes. The percent of the genetic variance explained by genes in enriched pathways (303) was 2.63% for MY, 2.59% for FY, and 2.49% for AFC. Genes in the PPI network (265) explained 2.28% of the genetic variance for MY, 2.26% for FY, and 2.12% for AFC. Conclusion: These sets of SNP associated with genes in the set enriched pathways and the PPI network could be used as genomic selection targets in the Thai multibreed dairy population. This study should be continued both in this and other populations subject to a variety of environmental conditions because predicted SNP values will likely differ across populations subject to different environmental conditions and changes over time.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.184-192
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• 2024

Objective: This study aims to investigate the genetic structure and characteristics of the Angus cattle population in Hungary. The survey was performed with the assistance of the Hungarian Hereford, Angus, Galloway Association (HHAGA). Methods: Genetic parameters of 1,369 animals from 16 Angus herds were analyzed using the genotyping results of 12 microsatellite markers with the aid of PowerMarker, Genalex, GDA-NT2021, and STRUCTURE software. Genotyping of DNA was performed using an automated genetic analyzer. Based on pairwise identity by state values of animals, the Python networkx 2.3 library was used for network analysis of the breed and to identify the central animals. Results: The observed numbers of alleles on the 12 loci under investigation ranged from 11 to 18. The average effective number of alleles was 3.201. The overall expected heterozygosity was 0.659 and the observed heterozygosity was 0.710. Four groups were detected among the 16 Angus herds. The breeders' information validated the grouping results and facilitated the comparison of birth weight, age at first calving, number of calves born and productive lifespan data between the four groups, revealing significant differences. We identified the central animals/herd of the Angus population in Hungary. The match of our group descriptions with the phenotypic data provided by the breeders further underscores the value of cooperation between breeders and researchers. Conclusion: The observation that significant differences in the measured traits occurred among the identified groups paves the way to further enhancement of breeding efficiency. Our findings have the potential to aid the development of new breeding strategies and help breeders keep the Angus populations in Hungary under genetic supervision. Based on our results the efficient use of an upcoming genomic selection can, in some cases, significantly improve birth weight, age at first calving, number of calves born and the productive lifespan of animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.666-671
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• 2017

Objective: Aim of the current comparative study was to evaluate production outputs, reproduction efficiency and functional traits in dual-purpose Fleckvieh and Braunvieh cows, reared under temperate European conditions. Methods: A data-set from 414 Fleckvieh and 42 Braunvieh cows and 799 lactations was analysed. ID tag number, milk yield per milking session, number of steps/interval and milk conductivity were recorded and collected daily using AfiMilk 3.076 A-DU software (Afimilk Ltd., Kibbutz, Israel). Production and milk quality data were taken from the results of the official performance recordings and the reproductive outputs of cows were recorded by the research stations veterinarians. Comparisons between the two genotypes were carried out using the one way analysis of variance protocol, with categorical factor being considered the breed of cows. All the statistical inferences were carried out using Statistica software (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Results: Fleckvieh cows significantly outperformed ($p{\leq}0.05$) the Braunvieh herd, with average milk yields of $5,252.1{\pm}35.79kg$ and $4,897.6{\pm}128.94kg$, respectively. Age at first calving was significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) influenced by the breed, with Fleckvieh heifers being more precocious ($32.8{\pm}0.29mo$) compared to those of Braunvieh breed ($35.7{\pm}0.84mo$). Reproduction efficiency as defined by the number of inseminations per gestation, calving interval, dystocia, days dry and days open, was not influenced by genotype (p>0.05). Incidences of sub-clinical mastitis, clinical mastitis, lameness and abortions were not influenced by the breed factor (p>0.05). Stay-ability of cows was significantly ($p{\leq}0.001$) influenced by genotype, with Braunvieh cows having an average age at culling of $117.88{\pm}11.78$ months compared to $90.88{\pm}2.89$ months in Fleckvieh. Conclusion: Overall, results have shown that genotype significantly influenced milk yield, age at first calving and longevity.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1806-1820
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• 2023

Objective: The present study was aimed primarily for estimating various genetic parameters (heritability, genetic correlations) of reproduction (age at first calving [AFC], first service period [FSP]); production (first lactation milk, solid-not fat, and fat yield) and lifetime traits (lifetime milk yield, productive life [PL], herd life [HL]) in Tharparkar cattle to check the association of reproduction traits with lifetime traits through two different methods (Frequentist and Bayesian) for comparative purpose. Methods: Animal breeding data of Tharparkar cattle (n = 964) collected from Livestock farm unit of ICAR-NDRI Karnal for the period 1990 through 2019 were analyzed using a Frequentist least squares maximum likelihood method (LSML; Harvey, 1990) and a multi-trait Bayesian-Gibbs sampler approach (MTGSAM) for genetic correlations estimation of all the traits. Estimated breeding values of sires was obtained by BLUP and Bayesian analysis for the production traits. Results: Heritability estimates of most of the traits were medium to high with the LSML (0.20±0.44 to 0.49±0.71) and Bayesian approach (0.24±0.009 to 0.61±0.017), respectively. However, more reliable estimates were obtained using the Bayesian technique. A higher heritability estimate was obtained for AFC (0.61±0.017) followed by first lactation fat yield, first lactation solid-not fat yield, FSP, first lactation milk yield (FLMY), PL (0.60±0.013, 0.60±0.006, 0.57±0.024, 0.57±0.020, 0.42±0.025); while a lower estimate for HL (0.38±0.034) by MTGSAM approach. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were negative for AFC-PL, AFC-HL, FSP-PL, and FSP-HL (-0.59±0.19, -0.59±0.24, -0.38±0.101 and -0.34±0.076) by the multi-trait Bayesian analysis. Conclusion: Breed and traits of economic importance are important for selection decisions to ensure genetic gain in cattle breeding programs. Favourable genetic and phenotypic correlations of AFC with production and lifetime traits compared to that of FSP indicated better scope of AFC for indirect selection of life-time traits at an early age. This also indicated that the present Tharparkar cattle herd had sufficient genetic diversity through the selection of AFC for the improvement of first lactation production and lifetime traits.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제9권
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• pp.37-49
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• 1991

본 연구는 한국종축개량협회(韓國種畜改良協會)에서 1985년-1989년 사이에 일반(一般) 낙농농가(酪農農家)를 대상으로 실시한 산유능력검정자료(産乳能力檢定資料) 4,008두(頭)의 기록(記錄)을 이용(利用)하여 유우(乳牛)의 주요경제형질중(主要經濟形質中), 유량(乳量)에 관여하는 환경요인중(環境要因中) 년도(年度), 분만연령(分娩年齡), 농가(農家), 착유(搾乳) 기간효과(期間效果)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 수행되었으며 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 일반능력(一般能力)에 있어서 각(各) 형질(形質)의 평균치(平均値) 및 표준편차(標準偏差)는 실유량(實乳量)이 $5,959.23{\pm}2,113.03kg$, 분만연령(分娩年齡) $49.19{\pm}22.77$개월(個月), 초산월령(初産月齡) $27.11{\pm}5.13$개월(個月) 그리고 착유기간(搾乳期間) $255.11{\pm}79.68$일(日)이였다. 12. 최소자승법(最小自乘法)에 의해 추정(推定)된 전체(全體) 분산(分散)에 대한 각(各) 요인별(要因別) 분산성분(分散成分)의 비(比)는 년도(年度)가 1.91%, 분만연령(分娩年齡)이 4.86%, 농가(農家)가 8.89%, 착유기간(搾乳期間)이 54.94% 그리고 오차(誤差)의 분산비(分散比)가 29.39%로 나타나 착유기간(搾乳期間)의 효과(效果)가 가장 큰 것으로 나다났다. 3. 유량(乳量)에 대한 전체의 최소자승효과(最小自乘效果) 추정치(推定値)는 6,229.31kg이였고, 년도별효과(年度別效果)에 있어서 최소자승(最小自乘) 평균치(平均値)는 1985년-1987년이 6,000.76kg, 1988년 6,028.11kg, 1989년 6,659.07kg이었다. 4. 분만연령별효과(分娩年齡別效果)에 있어서 24개월령이하(個月齡以下)는 5,456.01kg, 61-66개월령(個月齡)은 최고치인 6,565.48kg으로 분만년령간(分娩年齡間) 고도의 유의성(p<0.01)이 인정되었다. 이러한 분만연령별(分娩年齡別) 효과(效果)에 있어 24개월령이하(個月齡以下)에서부터 61-66개월령(個月齡)까지 점차 증가(增加)하다가 67-72개월령(個月齡)에 저조한 성적을 보이며 이상치를 나타냈고, 그 이후부터는 점차 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 5. 농가별효과(農家別效果)에 있어서는 최소자승(最小自乘) 평균치(平均値)에 있어 가장 낮은 농가(農家)에서는 4,958.50kg에서 가장 높은 농가(農家)는 7,479.07kg으로 비교적 변이(變異)가 심하였고, 이는 고도(高度)의 유의성(p<0.01)이 인정되었다. 6. 착유기간별효과(搾乳期間別效果)에 있어서 착유기간(搾乳期間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 최소자승평균치(最小自乘平均値)가 증가(增加)하는 면을 보였으며 착유기간(搾乳期間)에 따른 실유량평균간(實乳量平均間)에는 고도의 유의성이 인정되었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2006

본 연구는 젖소의 분만 후 난소 주기 재개의 이상이 번식 성적에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 정상적인 난소 주기가 진행이 되면 배란된 날에 난소 주기가 재개된 것으로 간주하였다. 공시우의 58.8%(l14/194)가 정상적인 난소 주기의 재개를 하였고 41.2%의 소에서 난소 주기의 재개가 지연되었다. 배란 후 황체기가 20일 이상 유지되는 난소 주기의 재개지연 I형(17.5%)과 분만 후 40일 이전에 첫 배란이 나타나지 않는 난소 주기의 재개지연 II형(22.7%)이 난소 주기 재개 지연의 일반적인 형태였다. 정상적인 난소 주기를 가진 개체와 비교해 보면, 황체기가 연장된 소들의 분만 후 100일 이내의 인공수정 공시율, 수태율과 임신율은 더 낮고(각각 84.2 대 40.0%; p<0.01, 24.0 대 21.4%, 20.2 대 11.1%) 분만 후 첫 수정 일수와 공태 일수가 더 길다(각각 $64.7{\pm}2.79$ 대 $105.7{\pm}7.48$일; p<0.01, $105.1{\pm}7.16$ 대 $133.7{\pm}11.17$일). 정상우와 무배란우를 비교해 보면, 100일 이내의 수태율과 임신율이 낮고(각각 24.0대 20.0%, 20.2 대 16.3%) 분만 후 첫 수정 일수과 공태 일수가 더 길다(각각 $64.6{\pm}2.79$ 대 $72.6{\pm}4.45$일, $105.1{\pm}7.16$ 대 $120.8{\pm}12.33$일). 결론적으로 젖소의 분만 후 비정상적인 난소 주기는 인공수정 공시율, 임신율, 첫 수정 일수와 공태 기간을 포함하는 번식 성적의 저하를 유발시킨다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.769-775
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• 2008

This study was on the relative net income (RNI) for 18,286 Iranian Holstein cows from 799 herds, with first freshening between 1991 and 2000. Two kinds of production system, which differed mainly in milk pricing system and feed cost, were considered. Four different models adopted from the literature were examined to find the optimum model. They differed by the cost of rearing and growth after first calving and they needed different amounts of economic data at the farm level. Results showed that four measures of RNI were highly correlated (>0.96) and could be used equally to measure lifetime profitability of cows. Therefore, in herds without a regular system for recording economic and management data, use of the simplest model is recommended. Multiple regression analysis revealed that RNI was affected by age at first freshening, milk yield and days of productive life (DPL), regardless of production system, and a similar breeding goal could be defined for the two systems. Multiple regression analysis of RNI showed that in order to obtain an unbiased estimate of economic value for DPL, the per day milk yield, not total lifetime milk yield, should be included in the regression model along with DPL. Regression analysis suggested that it is possible to predict RNI using information on age at first freshening along with the length of first lactation and per day milk yield with a coefficient of determination ranging from 0.44 to 0.47.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.111-114
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• 2007

본 연구는 젖소의 산유 능력에 따른 번식 성적을 조사하기 위하여 축산과학원 시험우사에서 사육중인 젖소를 이용하여 분만 후 유즙중 P4농도를 분석하였고, 전문경영체농장 22개 소에서 사육중인 젖소에 대한 번식 기록을 이용하여 고능력우(305일 유량 10,000 kg 이상)와 평균 능력우(305일 유량 10,000 kg이하)의 번식 성적을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 젖소의 분만 후 progesterone peak는 고능력 및 평균 능력우의 경우에 각각 $38.8{\pm}11.1$ 및 $39.6{\pm}9.7$일로 거의 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 2. 분만 후 첫 발정까지의 일수는 평균 능력우 및 고능력우가 각각 $99.4{\pm}2.1$일 및 $117.7{\pm}4.2$일로 고능력우가 평균 능력우에 비하여 11.6일 늦어지는 결과를 나타내었고(p<0.01), 분만 후 수태까지의 일수도 평균 능력우 및 고능력우가 각각 $145.9{\pm}3.8$일 및 $165.9{\pm}6.5$일로 고능력우가 평균 능력우에 비하여 20일 늦어지는 결과를 나타내었다(p<0.01). 그리고 분만 간격은 평균 능력우 및 고능력 우가 각각 $421.5{\pm}4.0$일 및 $448.4{\pm}7.2$일로 고능력우가 평균 능력우에 비하여 26.9일 연장되었다(p<0.01).

• 농업과학연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.146-156
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• 1977

대전시(大田市) 근교(近郊)에서 사육중(飼育中)인 유우(乳牛) 104두(頭)와 유산양(乳山羊) 107두(頭)에 대(對)한 연령(年令), 산차(産次), 유량(乳量), 뇨(尿) pH 및 사양관리별(飼養管理別)로 뇨중(尿中) keton체(體)를 검출(檢出) 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 유우(乳牛)의 뇨(尿) keton체(體) 검출율(檢出率)은 정상치(正常値) 76.8%, 이상치(異常値)는 23.1%였고, 유산양(乳山羊)에서는 정상치(正常値) 60.7%, 이상치(異常値)는 39.3%였다. 2. 연령별(年令別) 뇨(尿) keton체(體) 조사성적(調査成績)은 유우(乳牛)의 4~11세(歲)에서 높은 검출율(檢出率)을 보였고, 1~3세(歲)에서는 모두 낮은 성적(成績)을 나타냈으며, 유산양(乳山羊)에서는 3~6세(歲)가 높았으나 1~2에서는 가장 낮은 성적(成績)을 나타냈다. 3. 산차별(産次別) 뇨(尿) keton체(體) 조사성적(調査成績)은 3산(産)에서 가장높았으며 1산(産)과 9산(産)에서 가장 낮은 성적(成績)을 나타냈다. 4. 유량별(乳量別) 뇨(尿) keton체(體) 조사성적(調査成績)은 유량(乳量) 20kg이상군(以上群)에서 가장 높았고, 10kg이하군(以下群)과 미경산우군(未經産牛群)에서는 가장 낮은 성적(成績)을 나타냈으며, 유산양(乳山羊)에서는 유량(乳量) 3~4kg군(群)에서 가장 높았고, 1~2kg군(群)에서 가장 낮은 성적(成績)을 나타냈다. 5. 뇨(尿)의 pH별(別) keton체(體) 조사성적(調査成績)에서는 유우(乳牛)나 유산양(乳山羊) 다같이 혈액내(血液內)에서 생성(生成)된 keton체(體)가 뇨중(尿中)에 증가(增加)하게 되므로 뇨(尿)pH뇨(尿)가 산성화(酸性化)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다 6. 사양조건(飼養條件)에 따른 뇨(尿) keton 체조사성적(體調査成績)은 유우(乳牛)나 유산양(乳山羊) 다같이 임신(姙娠), 분만(分娩)과 필유중(泌乳中)에 불합리(不合理)한 사양조건하(飼養條件下)에서는 keton체(體)가 증가(增加)하게 되며 keton-emia가 일나날 수 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.611-617
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• 2009

This study was aimed at a genetic evaluation of Iranian Holstein cattle for milk and fat yields and calculating daughter yield deviation (DYD) of bulls. The data file that was used in this research included 367,943 first three lactation records of 186,064 Holstein cows which calved between 1983 and 2006 in 11,806 herd-year-season groups. The model included herd-year-season of calving and age at calving as fixed effects and animal and permanent environment as random effects. Mean breeding values of cows for each year were regressed on birth year to estimate genetic trends. Genetic trends in milk and fat yields were greater for cows born after 1997 (59.38 kg/yr and 1.11 kg/yr for milk yield and fat yield, respectively). Animal evaluations were partitioned into contribution from parent average, yield deviation (YD) and progeny. DYD of bulls was calculated as described by VanRaden and Wiggans (1991). DYD provides an indication of the performance of the daughters of a bull without consideration of his parents or sons. Variance of bull DYD was greater than variance of their predicted transmitting ability (PTA). Correlation of bull DYD and PTA was dependent on the number of daughters and when this increased, the correlation of DYD and PTA was increased. Also as lactation number of daughters increased, the correlation of bull DYD and PTA was increased.