• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.1009-1011
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• 2002

Some defective cells in the battery bank of power systems using batteries result in deterioration of the performance of the total battery bank. Consequently, the battery bank can't perfectly back up the system in occurrence of any power problems and the overcharge of defective cells may lead to their explosion or the occurrence of fire. The developed battery management system in this study enables operators to telemeter and analyze internal resistance, voltages, currents, and temperatures of batteries at remote sites through a PC, so they can detect defective cells before the occurrence of power problems. And adoption of this system ensures extension of battery life.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회 제20권2호
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• pp.477-480
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• 2008

In tunnel, though the frequency of fire occurrence is relatively lower than other structures, the characteristics of sealed space tends to cause the temperature to rapidly rise to more than $1000^{\circ}C$ within 5 minutes after fire, which might eventually lead to a large fire that usually results in a loss of lives and the damage to the properties, not to mention a huge cost necessary for repair and maintenance after fire. Referring to foreign tunnel fire scenarios, it clarified the heat transfer characteristics of concrete PC panel lining depending on fire intensity (ISO, MHC, RWS), and to identify the range of thermal damage, the evaluation was carried out using ITA standard. As a result, 39mm under ISO fire condition, 50mm under MHC and 100mm under RWS were measured. And when it comes to spalling, 30mm was measured under RWS. When PC panel was designed to serve the support, a fire resistance to the minimum depth of 100mm of the concrete that might be damaged under the fire shall be maintained, and in case of a non-support structure, PC lining shall have at least 100mm thickness.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.511-517
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• 2014

Recently, the fire by sheath heater has been occurred frequently on winter season. The sheath heater has simple internal structure and boils water simply. Therefore, the use of sheath heater has been increased. In this study, found the fire hazard property of sheath heater from understanding the fire mechanism through the experiment to get the measure for decreasing the occurrence of fire. For the analysis of the fire hazard property of the sheath heater, performed the test of temperature change and ignition temperature by using current product. On the result of test, the sheath heaters are the most dangerous appliance to arise fire. Water temperature controller attached to sheath heater is not sufficient to prevent overheating it. The sheath heater should have level switch of water and temperature controller for heater itself to shut off the power supply. Because the cause of fire by sheath heater is overheating itself in the situation of lack water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.609-618
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• 2009

This paper proposes a versatile formula which can be used to evaluate the fire resistant time of steel beams under various design conditions. Towards this end, the key parameters which affect the fire performance of steel beams were first determined through thermo-mechanical considerations, and classified into two groups: structural parameters and thermal parameters. Then the degree of influence of each parameter on the fire performance was investigated through a fully coupled thermo-mechanical analysis up to the occurrence of run-away deflection. The accuracy of the numerical model used was verified using an available full-scale fire test before conducting an extensive parametric analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to obtain the formula which can be used to predict the fire resistance time of steel beams under various design conditions. The statistical analysis showed that the proposed formula is very robust. The application of the formula in practical fire design under the current code was illustrated in detail. The economy and other advantages of the proposed formula were clearly shown.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2006

The number of forest fire under various conditions such as year, month, time, day of the week, region, damaged species, cause, and damaged area are checked, and the statistics of the forest fire causing materials in recent 14 years ('91-'04) are analyzed. The result shows that the year majority of forest fires had happened in last 14 year was 2001 and most of forest fire occurred in April, Sunday, around 14:00 to 15:00. The most damaged region is Gyeongsangbuk-Do, followed by Gangwon-Do, Jeollabuk-Do, and Gyeonggi-Do. The most damaged species is pine tree. The main causes of forest fires are accidental fire and incineration of a field boundary; however, recently, incendiarism is increased. The result of analysis on the damaged area shows that small fires under 5 ha occurred most frequently and large fires (over 30 ha) occurred mostly in Kangwon province (44.2%). The result also shows that the large forest fires (1,113 minutes) require 7.5 time more than the small forest fires (148 minutes). Especially, since average damaged area caused by large forest fire was about 470 ha per incident.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2024

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of fire accidents in university libraries has posed significant threats to the safety of students' lives and property, alongside negative social impacts. Accurately analyzing the factors affecting evacuation during library fires and proposing optimized measures for safe evacuation is thus crucial. This paper utilizes a specific university library as a case study, simulating fire evacuation scenarios using the Pathfinder software, to assess and validate evacuation strategies and propose relevant optimizations. Pathfinder, developed by Thunderhead Engineering in the United States, is an intuitive and straightforward personnel emergency evacuation assessment system, offering advanced visualization interfaces and 3D animation effects. This study aims to construct evacuation models and perform simulation analysis for the selected university library using Pathfinder. The library's structural layout, people flow characteristics, and the nature of fire and smoke spread are considered in the analysis. Additionally, evacuation scenarios involving different fire outbreak locations and the status of emergency exits are examined. The findings underscore the importance of effective evacuation in fire situations, highlighting how environmental conditions, individual characteristics, and behavioral patterns significantly influence evacuation efficiency. Through these investigations, the study enhances understanding and optimization of evacuation strategies in fire scenarios, thereby improving safety and efficiency. The research not only provides concrete and practical guidelines for building design, management, and emergency response planning in libraries but also offers valuable insights for the design and management of effective evacuation systems in buildings, crucial for ensuring occupant safety and minimizing loss of life in potential hazard situations

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.1925-1929
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• 2007

This paper is studied on a novel Electric Safety Protection Device (ESPD) of high speed for incapable operation of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELB) and Molded_case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) using the low voltage distribution line. The major causes of electrical fire are classified to short circuit fault, overload fault, electric leakage and electric contact failure. The occurrence factor of the fire is electric arc or spark accompanied with electrical faults. Residual Current Protective Device (RCD), that is ELB and MCCB, of high sensitivity type used at low voltage wiring cuts off earth leakage and overload, but the RCD can't cut off electric arc or spark to be a major factor of electrical fire. As the RCDs which are applied low voltage distribution panel are prescribed to rated breaking time about 30[ms] (KS C 4613), the RCDs can't perceive to the periodic electric arc or spark of more short wavelength level. To be improved on such problem, this research development is proposed to a novel ESPD of high speed to trip of distribution line on electric arc or spark due to electrical fire. Some experimental results of the proposed ESPD are confirmed to the validity of the analytical results.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.876-880
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• 2013

The major causes of electrical fire are classified to short circuit fault, overload fault, electric leakage and electric contact failure. The principal factor of the fire is electric arc or spark accompanied with such electric faults. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELB) and Molded_case Circuit Breaker (MCCB), that is, Residual Current Protective Devices (RCDs) used on low voltage distribution lines cut off earth leakage and overload, but the RCD can not cut off electric arc or spark to be a major factor of electrical fire. As the RCDs which are applied in low voltage distribution panel are prescribed to rated breaking time about 30[ms] (KS C 4613), the RCDs can't perceive to the periodic electric arc or spark of more short wavelength level. To improve such problems, this paper studies on an arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) using the distorted voltage wave in electric arc faults. The proposed voltage sensing type AFCI is an electrical fire prevention apparatus of new conception that operates a circuit breaker with sensing the instantaneous voltage drop of line voltage at electrical faults occurrence. The proposed AFCI is composed of control circuit topology using some semiconductor switching devices. Some experimental tests of the proposed AFCI confirm practicality and the validity of the analytical results.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Investigation
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2004

The purpose of this study on the sheath heater having high occurrence of fires in a small work place because of not having the safety device, was to find out the characteristics required in the field examination of the fires in the courses of investigation. The results of the experiments conducted and reviewed on the basis of the fire cases whose conditions of the ignition possibility were divided into A, E, C and D are as follows: When the sheath heater without safety device is left on the condition of the heat accumulation of which the temperature rapidly rise, and then ignite the inflammables of the surroundings. In such cases, it was characterized that the color change trace appeared even if no short trace was discovered in the power line.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 한국건축시공학회 2021년도 가을 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.140-141
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• 2021

ESS refers to a device that can store electrical energy produced by renewable energy generation, etc. and use it when necessary. Lithium-ion batteries are composed of high energy density and combustible electrolyte, so once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish. Many studies have been conducted to solve the problem of the battery itself as the cause of the fire. However, there is also a problem with the structure in which ESS(hereinafter referred to as ESS storage) is installed itself. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide data to solve the problems related to ignition and fire spread due to the problem of ESS storage. In summer, the internal temperature of the ESS storage rises due to solar radiation to trigger a fire, so it is necessary to prevent an internal temperature rise due to solar radiation. Research on standards, materials used, structures, etc. for ESS storage and new regulations are required.