• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2007

Recently, there is a need to produce a large forged part for the flight, shipping, some energies, and military industries, etc. Therefore, an open die forging technique of cast ingots is required to obtain higher quality of large size forged parts. Cogging process is one of the primary stages in many open die forging processes. In the cogging process prior to some open die forging processes, internal cavities have to be eliminated for defect-free. The present work is concerned with the elimination of the internal cavities in large ingots so as to obtain sound products. In this study, hot compression tests were carried out to obtain the flow stress of cast microstructure at different temperature and strain rates. The FEM analysis is performed to investigate the overlap defect of cast ingots during cogging stage. The measured flow stress data were used to simulate the cogging process of cast ingot using the practical material properties. Also the analysis of cavity closure is performed by using the $DEFORM^{TM}-3D$. The calculated results of cavity closure behavior are compared with the measured results before and after cogging, which are scanned by the X-ray scanner. From this result, the criteria for deformation amounts effect on the cavity closure can be investigated by the comparison between practical experiment and numerical analysis.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1378-1388
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• 2005

Spatial control of sound is essential to deliver better sound to the listener's position in space. As it can be experienced in many listening environments. the quality of sound can not be manifested over every Position in a hall. This motivates us to control sound in a region we select. The primary focus of the developed method has to do with the brightness and contrast of acoustic image in space. In particular, the acoustic brightness control seeks a way to increase loudness of sound over a chosen area, and the contrast control aims to enhance loudness difference between two neighboring regions. This enables us to make two different kinds of zone - the zone of quiet and the zone of loud sound - at the same time. The other perspective of this study is on the direction of sound. It is shown that we can control the direction of perceived sound source by focusing acoustic energy in wavenumber domain. To begin with, the proposed approaches are formulated for pure-tone case. Then the control methods are extended to a more general case, where the excitation signal has broadband spectrum. In order to control the broadband signal in time domain, an inverse filter design problem is defined and solved in frequency domain. Numerical and experimental results obtained in various conditions certainly validate that the acoustic brightness, acoustic contrast, direction of wave front can be manipulated for some finite region in space and time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2011

Background: Although considerable efforts have been made to improve the graft patency in coronary artery bypass surgery, the role of biomechanical factors remains underrecognized. The aim of this study is to investigate the influences of geometric configurations of the bypass graft on hemodynamic characteristics in relation to anastomosis. Materials and Methods: The Numerical analysis focuses on understanding the flow patterns for different values of inlet and distal diameters and graft angles. The Blood flow field is treated as a two-dimensional incompressible laminar flow. A finite volume method is adopted for discretization of the governing equations. The Carreau model is employed as a constitutive equation for blood. In an attempt to obtain the optimal aorto-coronary bypass conditions, the blood flow characteristics are analyzed using in vitro models of the end-to-side anastomotic angles of $45^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$. To find the optimal graft configurations, the mass flow rates at the outlets of the four models are compared quantitatively. Results: This study finds that Model 3, whose bypass diameter is the same as the inlet diameter of the stenosed coronary artery, delivers the largest amount of blood and the least pressure drop along the arteries. Conclusion: Biomechanical factors are speculated to contribute to the graft patency in coronary artery bypass grafting.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2003

Recent advancements of permanent magnet (PM) materials and solid-state devices have contributed to a substantial performance improvement of permanent magnet machines. Owing to the rare-earth PMs, these motors have higher efficiency, power factor, output power per mass and volume, and better dynamic performance than induction motors without sacrificing reliability. Not surprisingly, they are continuously receiving serious considerations for a variety of automotive and propulsion applications. An electric vehicle (EV) requires a high-effficient propulsion system having a wide operating range and a capability of generating a high peak torque for short durations. The improvement of torque-speed performance for these systems is consequently very important, and researches in various aspects are therefore being actively pursued. A great emphasis has been placed on the efficiency and optimal utilization of PM machines. This requires attention to many aspects related to the machine design and overall performance. In this respect, the prediction of iron losses is particularly indispensable and challenging, especially for drives with a deep field-weakening range. The objective of this paper is to present iron loss estimations of a PM motor over a wide speed range. As aforementioned, in EV applications core losses can be significant during high-speed operation and it is imperative to evaluate these losses accurately and take them into consideration during the motor design stage. In this investigation, the losses are predicted by using an analytical model and a 2D time-stepped finite element method (FEM). The results from different analytical approaches are compared with the FEM computations. The validity of each model is then evaluated by these comparisons.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 현재 신교통 수단으로 연구 중인 바이모달 트램의 전용 교량을 개발하는데 있어 바이모달 트램 운행 특성을 고려한 실물크기의 중공화된 프리캐스트 바닥판을 새롭게 설계 제작하여, 신뢰성 있는 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램(RCAHEST)을 통한 해석 결과와의 비교 분석을 바탕으로 적합성과 타당성을 검증하였다. 하중 재하 위치를 변수로 실험을 수행하여 설계 하중에 비하여 약 8~9배의 충분한 안전율을 확보하고 있음을 확인하였으며, 본 연구에서 적용한 재료적 비선형성을 고려한 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램을 통한 해석 결과 역시 콘크리트의 균열 발생 및 철근의 항복을 포함한 파괴시까지의 극한 거동 특성을 비교적 적절히 평가하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2005

This paper introduces a newly developed high speed material testing apparatus for tensile tests at the strain rate up to 500/sec. The tensile properties of sheet metals are indispensable for the accurate crashworthiness analysis of auto-bodies since the local strain rate reaches to 500/sec in the car crash. An appropriate experimental method has to be developed to acquire the tensile properties at the intermediate strain rate ranged from 0.003/sec to 200/sec. Tensile tests of various different steel sheets for an auto-body were perform ed to obtain the dynamic properties with respect to the strain rate. The dimensions of specimens that can provide the reasonable results were determined by the finite element analysis. A special jig fixture of a load cell is designed to reduce the load ringing phenomenon induced by unstable stress propagation at the high strain rate. Stress-strain curves were acquired for each steel sheet from the dynamic tensile test and utilized to obtain the relationship of the stress to the strain rate.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2003

지하철 역과 같이 대형 개구부가 있는 공간의 화재와 제연을 조사하기 위해, 지하철 역과 유사한 구조의 4 m ${\times}$ 1 m ${\times}$ 1.5m 크기의 공간 내 50 kW의 폴리우레탄 화재에 대한 수치모사를 수행하였다. 대와류모사를 난류모델로 사용하고, 혼합분율 연소모델과 복사 유한체적법을 사용하였다. 화재 발생 후 5초부터 급배기방식과 급기방식, 배기방식의 세가지 기계 제연방식이 각각 작동했을 때 제연방식에 따른 승강장과 출입통로의 공기온도와 연기이동을 비교하였다. 제연방식 가운데 급배기방식의 제연성능이 가장 좋고 안전한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 지하철 역에 사용되고 있는 급기방식은 급기구를 통해 공급된 공기가 고온의 연기와 혼합됨으로써 제연성능이 오히려 자연제연방식보다 불량하므로 지하철 역과 같은 구조에서는 적합하지 않음을 확인하였다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2009

Effects of bipolar pulse driving frequency between 50 kHz and 250 kHz on the discharge shapes were analyzed by measuring plasma characteristics by OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy) and Langmuir probe. Plasma characteristics were modeled by a simple electric field analysis and fluid plasma modeling. Discharge shapes by a continuous dc and bipolar pulsed dc were different as a dome-type and a vertical column-type at the cathode. From OES, the intensity of 811.5 nm wavelength, the one of the main peaks of Ar, decreased to about 43% from a continuous dc to 100 kHz. For increasing from 100 kHz to 250 kHz, the intensity of 811.5 nm wavelength also decreased by 46%. The electron density decreased by 74% and the electron temperature increased by 36% at the specific position due to the smaller and denser discharge shape for increasing pulse frequency. Through the numerical analysis, the negative glow shape of a continuous dc were similar to the electric potential distribution by FEM (Finite Element Method). For the bipolar pulsed dc, we found that the electron temperature increased to maximum 10 eV due to the voltage spikes by the fast electron acceleration generated in pre-sheath. This may induce the electrons and ions from plasma to increase the energetic substrate bombardment for the dense thin film growth.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.82-91
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• 1996

This is a basic study for the static and dynamic analysis on the elasto-plastic and elasto-viscoplastic of an axi-symmetric shell. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical characteristics of a nuclear reinforced concrete containment structure, which was selected as a model, by a numerical analysis using a finite element method. The structure was modeled with discrete ring elements of 8-noded isoparametric element rotating against the symmetrical axis, and the interaction between the foundation and the structure was modeled by Winkler's model. Also, the meridional tendon was modeled with 2-node truss elements, and the hoop tendon was done with point elements in two degrees of freedom. The effect of the tendon was considered without the increasement in total degree of freedom as the stiffness matrix of modeled tendon elements was assembled on the stiffness matrix of ring elements linked with the tendon. The results obtained from the analysis of an example were summarized as follows : 1. The stresses in the hoop direction on the interior and exterior surfaces of the structure were shown in changes of similar trend, and high stresses appeared on the structure wall 2. The stresses in the meridional direction on the interior and exterior surfaces were shown in change of different trend. Especially, the stresses at the junctions between the dome and the wall and between the wall and the bottom plate of the structure were very high, compared with those at other parts of the structure. 3. The stress changes in the direction of thickness on the crown of the dome were much linearly distributed. However, as the amount of tendon increased, the stresses in the upper and lower parts of the wall established with the tendon were shown stress concentration. 4. The stress changes in the direction of thickness on the center of the structure wall was linearly distributed in the all cases, and special stress due to the use of the tendon was not shown.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 경량구조 적용을 위한 구조 접합부 설계를 제시하였다. 압력에 대한 구조 안정성 연구를 위하여 용접부 접합부와 볼트 접합부에 대한 모델을 설계하였다. 확립된 모델의 신뢰성 검증을 위하여, 비선형 해석을 수행하였고, 실험결과와 비교하였을 때 유사한 결과를 확인하였다. 또한 비교연구를 통하여 구조설계 재료와 적합한 용접방법을 선택하였으며, 볼트의 개수와 위치에 따른 파단하중 시뮬레이션을 진행하여 응력에 따른 안정성을 분석하였다. 마지막으로, 접합부 모델을 기반으로 경량 구조를 모델링하고 구조 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 용접부와 볼트체결을 적용하여 설계된 구조가 접합부를 적용하지 않은 구조에 비해 최대응력이 31.4% 감소함을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 토대로, 경량구조의 안정성 해석 시 접합부 모델링의 필요성을 확인하였다.