• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2016

Objective: Traditional retainers (both metal and fiber-reinforced composite [FRC]) have limitations, and a retainer made from more flexible ligature wires might be advantageous. We aimed to compare an experimental design with two traditional retainers. Methods: In this prospective preliminary clinical trial, 150 post-treatment patients were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups of 50 patients each to receive mandibular canine-to-canine retainers made of FRC, flexible spiral wire (FSW), and twisted wire (TW). The patients were monitored monthly. The time at which the first signs of breakage/debonding were detected was recorded. The success rates of the retainers were compared using chi-squared, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: In total, 42 patients in the FRC group, 41 in the FSW group, and 45 in the TW group completed the study. The 2-year failure rates were 35.7% in the FRC group, 26.8% in the FSW group, and 17.8% in the TW group. These rates differed insignificantly (chi-squared p = 0.167). According to the Kaplan-Meier analysis, failure occurred at 19.95 months in the FRC group, 21.37 months in the FSW group, and 22.36 months in the TW group. The differences between the survival rates in the three groups were not significant (Cox regression p = 0.146). Conclusions: Although the failure rate of the experimental retainer was two times lower than that of the FRC retainer, the difference was not statistically significant. The experimental TW retainer was successful, and larger studies are warranted to verify these results.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.197-209
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• 2018

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a material with increasing application in civil engineering. Here it is assumed that the material consists of a great number of rather small fibers embedded into the concrete matrix. It would be advantageous to predict the mechanical properties of FRC using nondestructive testing; unfortunately, many testing methods for concrete are not applicable to FRC. In addition, design methods for FRC are either inaccurate or complicated. In three-point bending tests of FRC prisms, it has been observed that fiber reinforcement does not break but simply pulls out during specimen failure. Following that observation, this work is based on an assumption that the main components of a simple and rather accurate FRC model are mechanical properties of the concrete matrix and fiber pullout force. Properties of the concrete matrix could be determined from measurements on samples taken during concrete production, and fiber pullout force could be measured on samples with individual fibers embedded into concrete. However, there is no clear relationship between measurements on individual samples of concrete matrix with a single fiber and properties of the produced FRC. This work presents an inverse model for FRC that establishes a relation between parameters measured on individual material samples and properties of a structure made of the composite material. However, a deterministic relationship is clearly not possible since only a single beam specimen of 60 cm could easily contain over 100000 fibers. Our inverse model assumes that the probability density function of individual fiber properties is known, and that the global sample load-displacement curve is obtained from the experiment. Thus, each fiber is stochastically characterized and accordingly parameterized. A relationship between fiber parameters and global load-displacement response, the so-called forward model, is established. From the forward model, based on Levenberg-Marquardt procedure, the inverse model is formulated and successfully applied.

• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2001

Fiber reinforced materials have favorable mechanical properties. Moreover, the strength to weight ratios of this material is superior to those of most alloys. Comparing to the metals, it showed many other advantages as well, including non-corrosiveness, translucency and easy repair characteristic. Since, it has the potential for the chair-side and laboratory fabrication, it is not surprising that fiber reinforced composites offer the potential for use in various applications in dentistry. To make the well-fitted restorations, Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) has been suggested as an alternative framework material for the implant supported fixed prosthesis. Two fixed partial denture fabrication procedures were tried. Vectris fiber was pressed to the EsthetiCone gold cylinder on the implant positioned cast. And then, Targis were added on it. In the other method, we used the customized component using UCLA abutment. The beads for retaining the Vectris fiber were added on the abutment. If careful laboratory and clinical techniques were done, these two techniques would fulfill the demands of the esthetics and strength.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.65-79
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• 2023

This paper presents a development of empirical evaluations, which can be used to evaluate the damage of fiber-reinforced concrete composites (FRC) wall subjected to close-in blast loads. For this development, a combined application of numerical simulation and machine learning approaches are employed. First, finite element modeling of FRC wall under blast loading is developed and verified using experimental data. Numerical analyses are then carried out to investigate the dynamic behavior of the FRC wall under blast loading. In addition, a data set of 384 samples on the damage of FRC wall due to blast loads is then produced in order to develop machine learning models. Second, three robust machine learning models of Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) are employed to propose empirical evaluations for predicting the damage of FRC wall. The proposed empirical evaluations are very useful for practical evaluation and design of FRC wall subjected to blast loads.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2013

PURPOSE. Among the surface treatment methods suggested to enhance the adhesion of resin cement to fiberreinforced composite posts, conflicting results have been obtained with silanization. In this study, the effects of silanization, heat activation after silanization, on the bond strength between fiber-reinforced composite post and resin cement were determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Six groups (n=7) were established to evaluate two types of fiber post (FRC Postec Plus, D.T. Light Post) and three surface treatments (no treatment; air drying; drying at $38^{\circ}C$). Every specimen were bonded with dual-curing resin cement (Variolink N) and stored in distilled water for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. Shear-bond strength (MPa) between the fiber post and the resin cement were measured using universal testing device. The data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and by multiple comparisons according to Tukey's HSD (${\alpha}$=0.05). The effect of surface treatment, fiber post type, and the interactions between these two factors were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and independent sample T-tests. RESULTS. Silanization of the FRC Postec Plus significantly increased bond strength compared with the respective non-treated control, whereas no effect was determined for the D.T. Light Post. Heat drying the silane coupling agent on to the fiberreinforced post did not significantly improve bond strength compared to air-syringe drying. CONCLUSION. The bond strength between the fiber-reinforced post and the resin cement was significantly increased with silanization in regards to the FRC Postec Plus post. Bond strength was not significantly improved by heat activation of the silane coupling agent.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2014

연구 목적: 본 연구는 근관치료된 치아에 레진 시멘트로 fiber reinforced composite post (FRC) post의 접착시 포스트의 다양한 표면처리를 비교하여, 새롭게 제안되고 있는 다용도 프라이머의 효용성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 근관치료된 소구치 중 치근길이 1.8 cm 이상 되는 치아만을 총 24개 선택하였다. 표면 처리하지 않은 대조군과 표면처리를 시행한 FRC posts (DT Light Post, Size3, Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, US)를 다음과 같이 6개의 그룹으로 무작위 분류하였다: Group A: airborne-particle abrasion (Cojet sand, 3M ESPE), Group S: silanization (Bis-silane, Bisco Inc.), Group M: universal primer (Monobond-plus primer, Ivoclar Vivadent Inc.), Group AS: silanization after airborne-particle abrasion, Group AM: universal primer treatment after airborne-particle abrasion. 하였다. CEJ에서 1.5 cm 근관성형 후 레진 시멘트를 이용하여 표면처리된 총 24개의 FRC post를 접착하고 광중합하였다. 생리식염수에 24시간 보관한 후 포스트 장축에 수직으로 1 mm 두께로 절단하여 만능시험기로 push-out test를 시행하였다. 포스트가 탈락되는 접착 실패 강도를 측정하고 SEM을 관찰하여 접착 실패 양상을 분류하고, 접착 강도를 Kruskal-Wallis test와 Tukey HSD value of rank test를 이용하여 통계 분석하였다(${\alpha}=0.05$). 결과: Airborne-particle abrasion후 실란 처리한 실험군에서 유의할만하게 높은 접착 강도를 보였다. 실란 처리, airborne-particle abrasion후 다용도 프라이머를 처리한 실험군의 순서로 접착 강도가 높게 나타났다. FRC post의 표면에 특정 전처리를 하지 않은 대조군에서 가장 낮은 결합 강도를 보이고, 이어서 다용도 프라이머, airborne-particle abrasion 순으로 낮은 평균 접착 강도를 보였다. 결론: FRC post의 접착 전 표면 처리 과정으로서 실란 처리를 거친 실험군에서 높은 결합 강도를 보였으며, 다용도 프라이머를 이용한 표면 처리는 실란과 비교하여 유의성 있는 접착 강도의 변화를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.42-45
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• 2014

폐 FRP의 처리는 매우 급박하나 뚜렷한 생산성 있는 방법이 많지 않다. 본 연구진은 FRP의 층간 구성에 초점을 맞춰 층으로 분리하였으며, 각 층의 구성 성분에 따라 물성이 다름을 확인한 바 있다. 그 중 유리섬유 다발이 바구니 조직으로 틀을 이루고 있는 로빙층에서 유리섬유("F섬유")를 제작하였다. 그 크기를 폭 1 mm와 3 mm로 달리하고 길이는 3 cm로 잘라 부피비로 0.5%, 0.7%, 1.0%, 1.5%를 포함하도록 섬유강화 콘크리트(fiber reinforced concrete, FRC)를 제작하였다. 압축강도, 인장강도, 휨강도를 비교하기 위해 강화재를 포함하지 않은 것과 합성수지(polypropylene, PP)를 0.1% 포함하는 비교 샘플도 제작하였다. 실험결과 인장강도와 휨강도는 PP를 포함하는 것과 유사하거나 버금가는 강도를 보인 반면, 압축강도는 강화재를 넣지 않은 것과 유사하거나(3 mm 폭), 약 20% 정도 감소하였다(1 mm 폭). 이 결과를 바탕으로 폐 FRP 소재를 건축자재로 쓸 경우에는 압축강도가 큰 영향을 주지 않는 부분에 사용할 것을 권한다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2009

Since the mechanical properties of cement-based materials are time-dependent due to the prolonged cement hydration process, those of fiber reinforced concrete(FRC) may also be time-dependent. Toughness is one of important properties of FRC. Therefore, it should be investigated toughness development of FRCs with curing ages to fully understand the time-dependent characteristics of FRCs. To this end, the effect of curing ages on flexural toughness development of steel fiber reinforced concrete is studied. Three point bending test with notched beam specimen was adapted for this study. Hooked-end steel fiber(DRAMIX 40/30) was used as a fiber ingredient to investigate w/c ratio and fiber volume fraction effect on toughness development during curing. Three different water-cement ratios(0.44, 0.5 and 0.6) and fiber volume fractions(0%, 0.5% and 1%) were used as influence factors. Each mixture specimens were tested at five different ages, 0.5, 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. The study shows that flexure toughness development with age is quite different than other concrete material properties such as compressive strength. The study also shows that the toughness development trend correlates more closely to water/cement ratio than to fiber volume fraction.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2006

교정 치료 시 사용되는 섬유 강화 컴포지트(FRC, fiber reinforced composite)는 구강 내에서 저작압 등의 지속적인 응력과 수분 흡수 등의 이유로 파절이 일어나는 경우가 있다. 이 때 모든 FRC를 제거하지 않고 수리(repair)하는 경우에 적절한 강도를 얻기 위해 첨가해야 할 FRC의 양 및 그 파절 양상을 알아보고자 하였다. 두 개의 FRC strips를 1, 2, 3, 그리고 4mm 만큼 겹쳐(E1, E2, E3, E4군) 시편을 만드는 방법으로 수리를 재현한 후 light emitting diode 광중합기로 중합하고, 3점 굽힘 실험을 시행하여 겹침 길이와 접합 강도간의 관계에 대해 조사하였다. 최대 하중치는 E4군에서 2.67N으로 최대였고, 대조군(2.39N), E3군(2.35N), E2군(2.10N), 그리고 E1군(1.75N)의 순이었다. 강성 역시 최대 하중치와 같이 E4군(2.32 N/mm)에서 최대치를 기록하였으나, E3군(2.06N/mm)의 강성이 대조군(1.88N/mm)보다 더 큰 값을 보였다. 겹침 길이가 길수록 완전히 두 조각으로 파절되기 보다 가운데 또는 critical section 에서 굽힘 양상을 보였다. 반면 겹침 길이가 짧은 경우 두 조각으로 부러지는 파절 양상을 보였다. 이상의 실험에서 길이 10 mm인 연결자 형태의 FRC의 수리 시 적절한 강도를 얻기 위해서는 최소 3 mm의 strips를 겹쳐야 하고, 이 때 주로 나타나는 실패 양상인 굽힘을 최소화하기 위해 연결 부위에 바로 인접하여 두께가 급격하게 변하는 critical section의 보강이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산업안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국안전학회 2003년도 추계 학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.113-117
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• 2003

The reliability of machined fiber reinforced composites (FRC) in high strength applications and the safety in using these components are often critically dependent upon the quality of surface produced by machining since the surface layer may drastically affect the strength and chemical resistance of the material [1,2,3,4]. Current study will discuss the characterization of fiber pull-out in orthogonal cutting of a fiber-matrix composite materials. A sparsely distributed idealized model composite material, namely a glass reinforced polyester (GFRP) was used as workpiece. Analysis method employs a force sensor and the signals from the sensor are processed using AR time series model. The experimental correlation between the fiber pull-out and the AR coefficients is examined first and effects of fiber orientation, cutting parameters and tool geometry on the fiber pull-out are also discussed.