• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 1992

Annual forage crops have been increasingly important for conpensating insufficient forage production of perennial pastures took place for short interval. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sward composition and NㆍP fertilization on forage production and intercompetition of subterranean clover-Italian ryegrass and berseem clover-Italian ryegrass. The two clovers were grown in the field at the clover/ryegrass ratios of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0 where no, N (200 kg /ha), P (50 kg /ha) or NㆍP fertilization was done. Each crop was separated after harvest and drying. Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC), aggressivity and Relative Yield Total (RYT) were analyzed on the basis of the harvested dry matter of each crop. Berseem clover-ryegrass mixtures produced greater yield than subclover-ryegrass mixtures as a result of higher yields of the two component species. In the former forage yield was increased with increased rate of clover up to 75%, while in the latter the highest yields were obtained at more than 50% of the clover. In the mixtures N stimulated the growth of ryegrass, whereas P did only that of subclover. The two clovers produced more forage than the companion grass under no and only P fertilization although the reverse result was true under N or NㆍP fertilization, but the annual forage yield was decreased in the order of N and P, N, P, and no fertilization. The mixture yields were overyielded compared to the Expected Yield. Although generally RCCs and RYTs of subclover were higher than those of berseem clover in the mixtures differing the composition rate or under no and only P fertilization, those of the former clover were lower under N or NㆍP fertilization. In the clover-ryegrass mixtures, ryegrass acted as an aggressor and became more aggressive under P fertilization.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2000

Three fertilization envelopes (FE) have been observed after the artificial insemination of U. unicinctus oocytes. The substances of the first fertilization envelope, which is an effective barrier against excessive sperm, come mainly from the surface coat of the oocyte. The secretions of the cortical granules take part in formation of the 2nd fertilization envelope. Histologically, the 3rd fertilization envelope is not amorphous as seen under light microscope, but contains numerous panicles under electron microscope, which would be contributed to harden the envelope by 60 min after the fertilization. With the substantial similarity between the 1st fertilization envelope and the surface coat of the oocyte, and the coincidence of retraction of microvilli and the formation of the 1st fertilization envelope, it is suggested that the microvilli contain the sperm receptors in U. unicinctus. Some granular substances from the distal part of the acrosome diffuse on the surface coat of the oocyte while the acrosomal tubules penetrate into the surface coat. The acrosomal tubules arise from the proximal part of the acrosome and pass through the acrosomal lumen.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.186-196
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• 2010

Fertilization increases the crop productivity and produces high quality seedlings for plantation. We quantitatively measured both physical performances and nutrient responses of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla seedlings, which are commercially planted species in Korea, to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. We analyzed the growth performances by using Dickson's quality index (QI) and the nutrient status by using vector diagnosis. Nitrogen or phosphorus treatment increased height and root collar diameter growth of F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica, however, did not increase those of P. koraiensis and A. holophylla. The order of QI was N > P > K > control for F. rhynchophylla, P ${\geq}$ N > Control ${\geq}$ P for F. mandshurica, P > Control ${\geq}$ K > N for P. koraiensis and A. holophylla. In F. rhynchophylla, fertilization diluted N concentration in tissues by 5-25% because growth responses were higher than fertilization uptake. P. koraiensis and A. holophylla showed N excess showing "toxic accumulation". F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica showed P deficiency with P fertilization, however, P. koraiensis and A. holophylla showed "luxury accumulation". Vector diagnosis indicated that more fertilization was applicable for F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica, and high fertilization rates were inefficient for P. koraiensis and A. holophylla. Both QI and vector diagnosis can be applied to verify seedling quality in the light of growth responses and nutrient status in fertilization trials.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2014

Objective: To investigate the association of individual follicular fluid (FF) leptin and adiponectin levels with the quality of the corresponding oocyte and embryo. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 67 women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with 89 FF samples. FF and the corresponding oocyte was obtained from a single dominant preovulatory follicle at the time of oocyte retrieval. Concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in an individual follicle. The oocyte quality, fertilization rate, and corresponding embryo development were assessed. Results: The FF level of leptin was significantly associated with body mass index (r=0.334, p<0.01). The FF adiponectin level was significantly higher in the normal fertilization group than the abnormal fertilization group (p=0.009) in the non-obese women. A lower FF leptin level was associated with a trend toward mature oocytes, normal fertilization, and good embryo quality, although these relationships were not statistically significant. The leptin:adiponectin ratio of FF did not differ significantly according to oocyte and embryo quality. The quality of the oocyte and embryo was not associated with the FF leptin level tertile. However, the normal fertilization rate was positively associated with FF adiponectin level tertile. There was a trend towards improved oocytes and normal fertilization rates with the lowest tertile of the FF leptin:adiponectin ratio, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a high FF adiponectin concentration could be a predictor of normal fertilization. However, the FF leptin concentration and leptin:adiponectin ratio is not significantly related to oocyte maturity and corresponding embryo development.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.245-252
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the factors affecting fertilization in vitro of follicular oocytes with frozen-thawed spermatozoa in Korean Native Cattle. The bovine ovaries were obtained at a slaughter house and the follicular oocytes were recovered by aspirating the follicular fluid from the visible follicles of 3~6mm. The bovine oocytes were matured in vitro for 20~24 hours in TCM-199 containing FCS and hormones. The matured oocytes were fertilized in vitro using Percoll-separated frozen-thawed spermatozoa in BO solution. The effects of dilution and fertilization media, capacitating method, concentration of inseminated sperm and time after insemination of fertilization, were observed. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. The fertilization rate of frozen-thawed sperm inseminated in BO solution with caffeine and heparin together(56.4%) was higher than that of sperm inseminated in BO solution with either caffeine(10.5%) or heparin(8.9%) and without both caffeine and heparin(0%)(P<0.05). 2. The fertilization rate(56.3%) of frozen-thawed sperm inseminated in BO solution with both caffeine and heparin without preincubation was higher than that of sperm preincubated(2.9%)(P<0.05). 3. The fertilization with high concentration of frozen-thawed sperm(1.4~1.8$\times$107cells/ml) in BO solution containing caffeine and heparin resulted in higher fertilization rate, 76.7%, than the low concentration of sperm(0.8~1.0$\times$107cells/ml), 32.7%(P<0.01). 4. When the oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed sperm in BO solution containing caffeine and heparin without preincubation, fertilization rate increased by time and the rates were 5.9, 46.0 and 59.4% at 8, 16 and 24 hours, respectively.

• KCID journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2007

Temporal changes in total nitrogen (T-N) and phosphorus (T-P) concentrations in paddy floodwater in response to fertilization under rain-shielding pot and small-scaled field conditions were investigated. On the basis of the changing patterns, suggestions for the use of fertilization factors, such as days after fertilization, in developing models for the estimation of T-N and T-P loads from paddy fields were made. Total N concentration was susceptible to fertilization, showing a peak concentration right after fertilization followed by a decreasing pattern with the elapse of days after fertilization. The decreasing pattern of T-N concentration followed the first- order kinetics, indicating that the models are likely to be an exponential equation using days after fertilization as an independent variable. Comparison between the pot and field experiments conducted with soils different in soil fertility revealed that indigenous soil N concentration significantly affected T-N concentration, and this suggests that soil N status can be used as the second variable for the models. Meanwhile, temporal changes in T-P concentration did not respond to P fertilization as sensitively as T-N. In combination with other published results, our study suggests that rainfall intensity and other factors associated with farming activities that are likely to cause disturbance of soil particles containing P may be used as possible variables for the models.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2022

Objective: We investigated the effect of supplementing fertilization medium and/or culture medium with astaxanthin (AST) on the two phases of in vitro fertilization: gamete fertilization and embryo development. Methods: Mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes were divided into four groups with 5 µM AST added to the fertilization medium (group 3, n=300), culture medium (group 2, n=300), or both media (group 4, n=290). No AST was added to the control group (group 1, n=300). Results: The fertilization rate was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the groups using AST supplemented fertilization medium (group 3, 79.0%; group 4, 81.4%) than those without AST (group 1, 56.3%; group 2, 52.3%). The blastocyst rate calculated from the two-cell stage was significantly lower (p<0.001) in the groups using AST-supplemented embryo culture medium (group 2, 58.0%; group 4, 62.3%) than in those without AST (group 1, 82.8%; group 3, 79.8%). The blastocyst rate calculated from the number of inseminated oocytes was highest in group 3 (189/300, 63.0%) and lowest in group 2 (91/300, 30.3%) with statistical significance compared to other groups (p<0.001). There were significantly higher numbers of cells in the inner cell mass and trophectoderm, as well as significantly higher total blastocyst cell counts, in group 3 than in the control group. Conclusion: An increased blastocyst formation rate and high-quality blastocysts were found only in the fertilization medium that had been supplemented with AST. In contrast, AST supplementation of the embryo culture medium was found to impair embryo development.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

Purine metabolism is known factor for nuclear maturation of oocytes through both follicle cells and oocyte itself. However, it is largely unknown the roles of purine metabolism in the oocyte competence for fertilization and early development. In this study, the effects of adenosine in oocyte competence for development were examined using adenosine and its synthetic inhibitors. Adenosine treatment from GV intact stage for 18 hr (fGV) caused of decrease the fertilization rate but of increase the cleavage rate compared from the other stage treatment groups. Hadacidin did not effect on fertilization rate but increased cleavage rate without stage specificity. Adenosine did not block the effects of hadacidin with the exception of fGV group. Inhibition of purine synthetic pathways the fertilization rate was decreased in the fGV and fGVB groups but increased in the fMII group. Exogenous adenosine caused of decrease fertilization rate in the fGVB group but increase in the fMII group. Cleavage rate was dramatically increased in the adenosine treatment with synthetic inhibitors. It means that the metabolism of purine has stage specific effects on fertilization and cleavage. Exogenous adenosine had only can improve oocyte developmental competence when it treated at GV intact stage. On the other hand, endogenous synthesis in all maturation stage cause of increase the cleavage rate without effects on fertilization. These data suggest that adenosine at GV stage as a paracrine fashion and inhibitions of endogenous adenosine in all stage improve oocyte developmental competence.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 1990

These experiments were undertaken as a basic study to develop immunocontraceptive vaccine and to understand the role of zona pellucidae in early fertilization process by investigating the effect of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody to porcine zona pellucidae and polyclonal antibody to mouse zona pellucidae on the fertilization of porcine and mouse eggs in vitro. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows : 1. Treatment of porcine and mouse eggs with undiluted anti-zona serum produced intense precipitation layer on the poricne and mouse zonae, respectively, thus resulting in the total inhibition of sperm adherence on surface of zona. 2. In vitro fertilization of eggs pre-treated with 0.3∼10% of various antibodies was examined, and resulting in that 5 and 10% of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to porcine zona inhibited completely both in vitro fertilization and polyspermy of porcine eggs while monoclonal to porcine zona and rabbit polyclonal antibody to mouse zona did not inhibit in vitro fertilization but monoclonal antibody reduced the rate of polyspermy compared to that of control group. Almost the same results were obtained in the study on the effect of anti-zona serum on in vitro fertilization of mouse eggs.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate on the improvement of fertilizing ability of in vitro matured oocytes from sperm density, motility and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) concentration, by intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) into the bovine oocytes. 1. The in vitro fertilization and cleavage rates of oocytes from 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 ($\times$106/ml) sperm concentration by IVF and ICSI of bovine oocytes were 45.0%~65.0%, 65.0%~90.0% and 10.0%~30.0%, 35.0%~70.0%, respectively. 2. The in vitro fertilization and cleavage rates of oocytes from 20, 40, 60, 80% of sperm motility by IVF and ICSI of bovine oocytes were 47.8%~75.0%, 78.3%~90.0% and 8.7%~25.0%, 34.8%~70.0%, respectively. 3. The in vitro fertilization and cleavage rates of oocytes from 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05% of PVP concentration by microinjection of single into the bovine oocytes were 72.7%, 90.9%, 83.3%, 76.9% and 45.5%, 72.7%, 58.3%, 61.5%, respectively and these values of 0.02% addition of PVP were higher than other concentrations of PVP. 4. The in vitro fertilization and developmental rates of oocytes by IVF and ICSI methods were 63.3%~64.6%, 26.7%~29.2% and 88.2%, 47.1%, respectively. This ICSI method was improved high fertilization rates of bovined oocytes.