• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2009

Osteoporosis is characterized by impaired osteogenesis. BMD is a major determinant of bone strength. The role of the VDR gene in predisposition to primary osteoporosis has been recognized. However, population-based case-control studies have been reported controversial results for known candidate genes in an ethnically distinct group. To determine the genetic effects of VDR variants on osteoporosis and BMD, we directly sequenced the VDR gene in 24 unrelated Korean individuals and identified eighteen sequence variants. We investigated the potential involvement of eight SNPs in osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (n = 729). Two SNPs (LD) in intron 2, -5294G>C (rs2238135) and -4817G>A (rs17882443) showed the evidence of association with enhanced BMD of the femoral neck ($p_{additive}$=0.031 for rs2238135; $p_{additive}$=0.017 and $p_{dominant}$= 0.019 for 17882443). Moreover, VDR -4817G>A was significantly associated with protective effect on all fracture risk ($p_{recessive}$=0.035, OR=0.2, 95% CI=$0.05{\sim}0.89$), and tended to be higher BMD values at various proximal femur sites. Therefore, we suggest that the -4817G>A may be useful genetic marker for vitamin D-related metabolism and may have an important role in the increased BMD of the proximal femur in postmenopausal Korean women.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.294-308
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• 2000

This study was conducted to test the effect of brisk walking & muscle strengthening exercise program on bone mineral density(BMD) of the lumbar & femur in rheumatoid arthritis women. Research design was a quasi-experimental study of non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design(16 weeks). 14 for the experimental group and 14 for the control group were selected from the outpatients on rheumatoid arthritis clinic of Dong-A University Hospital. The experimental group underwent 16 weeks of brisk walking and muscle strengthening exercise. Bone mineral density was measured before and after 16 weeks of exercise by DXA at lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter. The results were summarized as follows : 1. BMD of the lumbar spine in experimental group who carried out the brisk walking and muscle strengthening exercise was not significantly increased after 16weeks and there was no significant difference between experimental and control group(U=70.00 p>.05). 2. BMD of the femoral neck in the experimental group who carried out the brisk walking and muscle strengthening exercises was significantly increased after 16 weeks(Z=-2.901 p<.01). But, there was no significant difference between experimental and control group(U=83.00 p>.05). 3. BMD of the femoral Ward's triangle in the experimental group who carried out the brisk walking and muscle strengthening exercises was significantly increased after 16 weeks (Z=-2.355 p<.05). But, there was no significant difference between experimental and control group(U=86.00 p>.05). 4. BMD of the femoral trochanter in experimental group who carried out the brisk walking and muscle strengthening exercise was not significantly increased after 16weeks and there was no significant difference between experimental and control group(U=75.00 p>.05). These results suggest that brisk walking and muscle strengthening exercise program has an effect on promoting bone mineral density of femoral neck and Ward's triangle in rheumatoid arthritis women.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2018

Average life expectancy is getting longer due to medical developments and improvements in living standards. So much so that the elderly have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to prevent, diagnose, and treat the senile disease at an early stage through a bone density test. Bone density is measured by dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA). In this study, while using DXA, in cases when the measurements for both the lumbar and the femur could not be taken simultaneously, the correlation between both measurements were known, and the measurement of one area was used to make a clinical inference for the value of the other. Measurements were taken using Lunar Prodigy Advance (GE) for 43 participant with clinically significant fractures. Statistical calculations were produced and analysed regarding bone density. In case of T-score, lumbar spine produced a statistical result of $-2.112{\pm}1.836$ and femur neck was $-1.716{\pm}1.565$. In case of Z-score lumbar spine produced a statistical result of $-0.151{\pm}1.513$, and femur neck $-0.026{\pm}1.283$. It is indicated that the pearson correlation coefficient of T-score between lumbar spine and femur neck is high at 0.699, and the pearson correlation coefficient of Z-score is considered relatively high at 0.503. The correlation of bone density between lumbar spine and femur neck is shown to be statistically meaningful in T-score's p-value at 0.000 and Z-score's p-value at 0.001. In conclusion, it seems to have clinical usefulness that we can infer the result of one measurement through that of the other part tested, based on the knowledge of the correlation coefficients between lumbar spine and femur neck.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.806-820
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• 1996

The relationship between exercise and hone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in 153 healthy women. The BMD of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a group subjects(65) aged 19-59 years who had been exercising(swimming or aerobic dancing) regularly for at least 2 years as well as in a similar group of nonexercising control subjects(88). Weight, height, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), animal and meat Ca, Ca index, energy expenditure, BMD, PYD/Cr were significantly higher in the exercisers than the controls. There were significantly negative correlations between age, ALP and osteocalcin and BMD, but significantly positive correlations between weight, BMI, total fat body mass and total lean body mass and BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that total lean body mass may be a better independent predictor to BMD than total fat body mass. The nutrient intakes were more closely related to BMD in the exercisers than the controls, but energy expenditure was more closely related to BMD in the controls than the exercisers Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that BMD was closely related to menopause, osteocalcin, age, weight in both groups but energy intake in the exercisers alone, energy expenditure in control alone. In premenopausal women, the exercisers had significantly greater BMD than the controls. But, in postmenopausal women, no significant difference between two groups was detected. When compared to BMD of the subjects with same age range to minimize the effect of age, aerobic dancing appears to be capable of exerting a positive effect on BMD in a group of subjects aged 19-44. However, no relationship of the swimming to BMD could be identified in a group of subjects aged 37-59. The results of this study suggest that the usefulness of exercisng appears to be significantly greater in preemenopausal women than postmenoparusal women and weight bearing activity, aerobic dancing is associated with increasing BMD at the weight bearing sites and could be beneficial in the prevention of bone loss. But the usefulness of swimming on bone should be further investgated.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.542-547
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• 2009

In this in vivo study, correlations of lumbar and femoral bone mineral densities (BMDs) with calcaneal speed of sound (SOS) were investigated in 36 osteoporotic women. Areal BMDs of the L2-L4 lumbar spine and the right femoral neck were measured by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). SOS of the right calcaneus was measured by using ultrasound bone densitometry. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and level of significance (p) were used to evaluate the correlations between measurements. Lumbar BMD was highly correlated with femoral BMD (r=0.81). Lumbar and femoral BMDs exhibited similar comparable negative correlations with age (r=-0.52 and r=-0.55). A moderate negative correlation was found between calcaneal SOS and age (r=-0.45). Calcaneal SOS was significantly correlated with lumbar and femoral BMDs, with a higher correlation with femoral BMD rather than with lumbar BMD (r=0.54 and r=0.62). However, calcaneal SOS may not be an optimum index for the estimation of BMD of the most important fracture sites, such as the lumbar and the femur, because it showed lower correlations with lumbar and femoral BMDs compared to that with calcaneal BMD. Therefore, the development of a quantitative ultrasound technology for the direct measurement of acoustic properties at the lumbar and the femur is required to estimate BMD of these sites more accurately.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.62-68
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• 2016

Osteoporosis is a medical condition of global concern, with increasing incidence in both sexes. Bone mineral density (BMD), a highly heritable trait, has been proven a useful diagnostic factor in predicting fracture. Because medical information is lacking about male osteoporotic genetics, we conducted a genome-wide association study of BMD in Korean men. With 1,176 participants, we analyzed 4,414,664 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) after genomic imputation, and identified five SNPs and three loci correlated with bone density and strength. Multivariate linear regression models were applied to adjust for age and body mass index interference. Rs17124500 ($p=6.42{\times}10^{-7}$), rs34594869 ($p=6.53{\times}10^{-7}$) and rs17124504 ($p=6.53{\times}10^{-7}$) in 14q31.3 and rs140155614 ($p=8.64{\times}10^{-7}$) in 15q25.1 were significantly associated with lumbar spine BMD (LS-BMD), while rs111822233 ($p=6.35{\times}10^{-7}$) was linked with the femur total BMD (FT-BMD). Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between BMD and five genes previously identified in Korean men. Rs61382873 (p = 0.0009) in LRP5, rs9567003 (p = 0.0033) in TNFSF11 and rs9935828 (p = 0.0248) in FOXL1 were observed for LS-BMD. Furthermore, rs33997547 (p = 0.0057) in ZBTB and rs1664496 (p = 0.0012) in MEF2C were found to influence FT-BMD and rs61769193 (p = 0.0114) in ZBTB to influence femur neck BMD. We identified five SNPs and three genomic regions, associated with BMD. The significance of our results lies in the discovery of new loci, while also affirming a previously significant locus, as potential osteoporotic factors in the Korean male population.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.622-633
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• 1996

The purpose of present study was to assess the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age and the dietary factors influcencing on BMD in Korean women in Taegu. The subjects were 242 healthy female in the range of 7-67 years old, and were divided into 4 age groups. BMD of lumbar of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter)and total body was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. The nutrient intake measured by convenient method was similar to or more than the level of RDA. The significant relationship between nutrient intake and BMD was observed. Particularly for lumbar spine and total body in group 4 (50-60yr), such as energy, carbohyrate, protein, fat, Ca, animal Ca, meat Ca, Fe, thiamin and niacin were found significantly positive correlations. By analysis of multiple regression, significant relationships were shown between protein and lumbar spine and total body BMD in group 4, between ascorbic acid and total body BMD in group 2(17-34 yr). Energy expenditure showed better corrlations with BMD rather than nutrient intake. BMD was significantly greater in subjects consuming a mean dietary Ca intake more than 125% of RDA compared with less than 75% of RDA. In high Ca intake group ($\geq$125% of RDA), there were the significantly negative correlations between animal (meat) Ca and BMD in each bone of 7-9 years. The excessive intake of animal protein in this age group was found. And the correlations between BMD and past milk consumptin were significant in all skeletal sites of group 1(7-16 yr). This study confirms that the most effective way of preventing osteoporosis and the fractures is to maximize peak bone mass in early life and to minimize bone loss through the balanced adequate intake of Ca and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data. Methods: This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data. Results: We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron). Conclusions: This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and results in vulnerability to fracture. Calcium and vitamin D are known to play an important role in bone health. Recently, potassium has been identified as another important factor in skeletal health. We examined the link between potassium intake and bone health among the Korean older adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 8,732 men and postmenopausal women over 50 years old who completed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) between 2008 and 2011. Potassium consumption was evaluated using a 24-hour recall method. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at three sites (total hip, femur neck, and lumbar spine) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the link between potassium intake and prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia, after controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: The BMD of the total femur and Ward's triangle were significantly different according to the potassium intake among men (P = 0.031 and P = 0.010, respectively). Women in the top tertile for potassium intake showed higher BMD than those in the bottom tertile at all measurement sites (all P < 0.05). Daily potassium intake was significantly related to a decreased risk of osteoporosis at the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women (odds ratios: 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.48-0.96, P trend = 0.031). However, the dietary potassium level was not related to the risk of osteoporosis in men. CONCLUSION: Current findings indicate that higher dietary potassium levels have a favorable effect on bone health and preventing osteoporosis in older Korean women.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.102-113
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of long term osteoporosis management education consist of exercise, drug therapy, and nutrition on bone mineral density (BMD) and medication compliance among postmenopausal women who have just been diagnosed with osteoporosis. Methods: The research design consisted of a pre-and post-test quasi-experimental design through a nonequivalent control group. The participants in this study were 60 individuals with osteoporosis, and who were classified according to two groups; the control group (n=30) who were given general clinical guidelines, and the experimental group (n=30) who received management education once for 60 minutes every three months using a standardized educational sheet. After one year, BMD was assessed using band dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and medication possession ratio (MPR) for medication compliance. Analysis of collected data was performed using descriptive statistics t-test, chi-test, and paired t-test. Results: No significant difference in BMD (t=-1.02, p=.311) and MPR (t=-0.77, p=.440) was observed between the two groups. However, a significant increase in femur neck BMD was observed in the experimental group compared with the control group (t=-2.18, p=.033). Conclusion: Conduct of further study will be needed for examination of the effect of long-term osteoporosis management education on BMD Level and Medication Compliance in Postmenopausal Women.