• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.414-421
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Spirulina level in the diet on growth and skin color of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi at different feeding periods. Five experimental diets (designated as Con, S5, S9, S13 and S17) were prepared to contain 0, 5, 9, 13 and 17% Spirulina. Each experimental diet was fed to two replicate groups of fish (6.6 g/fish) to visual satiation three times a day for 12 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish were not affected by dietary Spirulina level. The values of redness ($a^*$), lightness ($L^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) of the fish skin were influenced by dietary Spirulina level at different feeding period. The $L^*$ value of skin in the fish fed S9, S13 and S17 diets tended to decrease with feeding period. The skin $a^*$ value of the fish increased significantly with feeding period and dietary Spirulina level. The skin $a^*$ value of the fish fed the diets containing 5-17% Spirulina was higher than that of fish fed control diet at 6 and 12 weeks of feeding. The skin $a^*$ value and total carotenoids of the fish fed the S17 diet was the highest among groups. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that dietary inclusion of Spirulina powder could increase the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 1968

The variations of both thiamine and riboflavin value in the organs, viz. liver, small intestine, spleen and kidney of the rats were measured for observing some metabolic changes in the animals during fasting and feeding different quality of diets without V-E supplement. The animal used for the experiment was adult female ablino rat from a pure strain, weighing 225-280g. The animals were divided into 6 groups; the control group, the high carbohydrate diet group, the high carbohydrate diet with V-E group, the high protein diet group, the high protein diet with V-E group, and fasting group. The result obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The thiamine contents in the liver were once increased during early stage of starvation compared with the control group, thereafter they were decreased on the 8 days fasting while the contents in the small intestine and spleen were decreased during 1 to 8 days fasting. 2. The riboflavin contents in the liver and kidney were increased during starvation and the content in the small intestine was no marked change compared with control group. 3. The thiamine contents in the liver and small intestine during feeding the high carbohydrate with V-E supplement diet group were lower than that of the diet without V-E group and the content in the spleen was increased by feeding V-E enriched high carbohydrate diet. 4. The thiamine contents in the liver, small intestine and spleen during feeding the V-E supplemented diets were lower than that of the non-supplemented one's. 5. The riboflavin contents in the liver, small intestine, and kidney were increased during feeding the high carbohydrate diet compared to the control group, and they were decreased during feeding the V-E enriched high carbohydrate diet. 6. The riboflavin contents in each organ were increased during feeding the high protein diet compared to the control group, and they were much increased during 20 to 30 days of feeding the V-E supplemented high protein diet. 7. Therefore, as the above results showed, the variation of thiamine value in the each organs were not markedly changed during feeding different quality of the diets. The thiamine and riboflavin contents in the each organ in the V-E enriched high carbohydrate diet group were lower than without V-E supplemented one's The riboflavin contents in each organ were increased during feeding the high protein diet compared with the control group and the centents were increased during 20 to 30 days of the feeding V-E enriched high protein diet.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

The feeding effects of Herba hottuynia extracts on the lipids profiles and the content of TAB-reactive substances were evaluated in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Hot water or ethanol extracts of the dried leave were evaporated and lyophilized . The experimental animals wer edevided to four groups and fed the following diets for 4 weeks : BAsal (cholesterol-free diet), CHOL(cholesterol-enriched diet),CW (cholesterol plus water extract) and CE(cholesterol plus ethanol extract). Dietary cholesterol increased significantly the activities of serum GOT and GPT, but the extracts feeding (0.5% of diet) did not influence the activities induced by dietary cholesterol. Although dietary cholesterol increased significantly the concentrationof serum andliver cholesterol, it tended to decrease the concentation of serum triglycerides. CHolesterol feeding had a lowering effect on the lipid peroxidation value of serum, but not inliver.Furthermore, the extracts feeding, especially water extract, decreased markedly the liver peroxidation value. The results suggest that Houttyunia cordata extracts have an in vivo antioxidant effect, judged from the TBA value in the liver rats fed a high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 1972

Organized feeding programmes can contribute to the health and well-being of students All such programme must be planned carefully, taking into account the nutritional needs of the group to be fed, available food supplies, facilities for food preparation and distribution, and available funds. In most instances provision must be made for training staff to operate large-scale feeding proframmes. Nutrition education should be an important aspect of all feeding programme, and should provide simple clear information on food and nutrition in relation to health. The early participation of parents and the local community in the programme, particularly through the production of local low-cost foods of high nutritional value will help to insure continuity after external aid has ceased. Programmes should be evaluated in order to measure the benefits obtained in relation to the cost of the operation. Anthropometric data, absenteeism and scholastic achievement may serve as indicators in school feeding programmes.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.03b
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• pp.65-70
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• 2008

The numerical simulation on the internal flow characteristics of the adaptor in a two-fluid nozzle has been performed to investigate the effects of carrier air supplying parameters using a commercial code. The four adaptor models with the different positions in the carrier air supplying port were considered at the fixed conditions of urea-water solution and carrier air supplying. As the results from the numerical analysis, the internal pressure of the adaptor was varied with the port position for carrier air supplying, and it shows lower pressure value than the atmospheric pressure. Consequently, the flowrate of urea-water solution issuing from the feeding injector with the adaptor varied up to 30% with the port positions for the carrier air supplying. When the carrier air is supplied from the side from the feeding injector axis and the upper part from the feeding injector tip, the flowrate of urea-water solution issuing from the feeding injector with the adaptor show higher value than other carrier air supplying conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1992

Formula feed for fattening cattle ground through 2 mm screen was incubated in the rumen of sheep and goats to evaluate effects of ratio of concentrate to hay and kinds of hay in a ration on determining the degradability (dg) value of protein using in sacco technique. Following results were obtained: 1) Residual dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of formula feed decreased as the time of incubation increased. Regression analyses showed that rates of degradation of DM and CP in the rumen were not the same when they were determined under feeding of rations with different percentages of concentrate. 2) Rate of passage of digesta from the rumen differed between feeding of Italian ryegrass hay ration and that of alfalfa hay ration, but was not influenced by the percentage of concentrate in a ration. 3) The dg value was different when it was estimated with results obtained from determinations under feeding of Italian ryegrass hay ration or that of alfalfa hay ration. The percentage of concentrate in a ration had no influence on the dg value of protein in formula feed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2019

In order to compared the feeding habits of Micropterus salmoides according to the habitat types, the stomach content of a total of 306 M. salmoides were investigated from April to September 2016 in the stream and reservoir. As a result, the highest IRI (Index of relative importance) value in M. salmoides inhibiting the stream and reservoir were identified as fishes. However, the IRI value of crustaceans and insects as well as fishes in M. salmoides inhibiting the reservoir were high, showing a difference in IRI value of M. salmoides inhibiting the stream.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1469-1475
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of methods of feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 15 growing steers (13 months old) were assigned to the control (fed roughage and concentrate mix separately), TMR1 (fed restricted TMR), and TMR2 (fed TMR ad libitum) groups. Individual behaviors of steers were observed for 48 hours. Compared with the control, feeding restricted TMR (TMR1) resulted in short eating time, long ruminating time, short chewing time, high frequencies of defecation, urination, and drinking of water, great numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, high eating and chewing efficiencies (p<0.05). Compared with feeding restricted TMR (TMR1), feeding TMR ad libitum (TMR2) resulted in 1.2 kg more daily feed DM intake, long eating and chewing times, short resting time, great frequencies of defecation, urination and drinking of water, more numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, low eating and high ruminating efficiencies (p<0.05) and similar chewing efficiency (p>0.05). Considering all these results, the wet TMR feeding system induced generally more desirable eating and ruminating behaviors of growing Hanwoo steers, but made the barn floor wetter due to more defecation and urination.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-72
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• 2016

Background: Adolescent mothers may find the transition to motherhood to be overwhelming when compared to adult mothers. The adaptiveness of mother and infant feeding behaviors may greatly influence the quality of adolescent mothers' feeding interactions when compared to adult mothers. Purpose: To examine the adaptiveness of early maternal and infant feeding behavior between adolescent mothers and adult mothers. Method: In this secondary analysis, six adolescent mothers (< 20 years old) and six adult mothers were videotaped while feeding. The mothers were observed 3 times: when the infants were in the hospital, 1 month old, and 4 months old. The videotapes were coded using four scales of the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA). The two maternal scales were Positive Affective Involvement and Sensitivity/Responsiveness (PAISR) and Regulation of Affect and Behavior (RAB). The two infant scales were Infant Positive Affect, Communication, and Social Skills (IPACS) and Infant Regulation of Affect and Behavior (IRAB). The dyads were videotaped just before hospital discharge and at one and four months corrected age. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to examine the difference in the PCERA between the two groups. Results: Adolescent mothers had a significantly lower score on the PAISR before hospital discharge (p-value 0.005) and at one month corrected age (p-value 0.008) than adult mothers. Adolescent mothers also had a significantly lower score on the RAB before hospital discharge, 1 and 4 months corrected age than adult mothers. There were no significant differences in IPACS and IRAB of infants of adolescent and adult mothers. Conclusion: Clinicians need to be aware of the differences in sensitivity that occur.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.553-560
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed value of Macol meal, which is one of the byproducts from the extraction of liquid syrup from barley grain, on lactating dairy cows. All of the lactating dairy cows feeding in eight dairy farms were used in feeding experiment and fed concentrates plus Macol meal 5Kg as wet basis. The milk yields and milk fit during the periods of 10 months were investigated and blood picture, blood chemistry and diseases occuring frequency before and after feeding Macol meal were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. In the proximate compositions, the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, crude as and nitrogen free extracts was 68.8%, 7.43%, 1.04%, 7.08%, 1.56% and 14.09% respectively. On the other hand, the contents of NDF, ADF and cellulose was 36.68%, 35.71% and 10.85%, as dry matter basis, respectively. 2. The daily milk yield per head was 22.84kg during two months before feeding Macol meal and 23.89 kg during the periods of ten months after feeding Macol meal. 3. The blood picture and blood chemistry were not affected by feeding Macol meal. 4. The diseases occuring frequency were not significantly affected by feeding Macol meal. from the results of this experiment it could be concluded that Macol meal can be used in lactating dairy cows rations without any adverse effects.