• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 2016

Purpose: It is crucial to provide adequate enteral nutrition for postoperative recovery, wound healing and normal growth in infants in pediatric cardiac ICUs. This study was done to develop a feeding protocol using the vaso-active inotropic (VAI) score and to evaluate the impact of nutritional outcomes following the new feeding protocol for infants who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods: This study consisted of three phases. First, a feeding protocol was developed based on a literature review. Second, ten experts rated the content validity. Third, a comparison study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the new feeding protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: Twenty-nine infants were enrolled in the pre-protocol group, and 22 infants in the post-protocol group. Patients in the 2 groups were similar. Time to reach feeding goal was significantly decreased from 56.0 (27-210) hours to 28.5 (10-496) hours in the post-protocol group (Z=-4.22, p<.001). Level of enteral feeding knowledge among nurses increased significantly after implementation of the protocol. Conclusion: The feeding protocol using VAI score facilitates the achievement feeding goal to decrease feeding interruptions and help nurses in their practice. Larger studies are necessary to examine clinical outcomes following the implementation of this feeding protocol.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 2023

Objectives: Young children's feeding characteristics can play an important role in eating habits and health during later childhood. This study was conducted to examine the associations of feeding characteristics with dietary patterns and obesity in children. Methods: This study utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2017. In total, 802 toddlers were included, with information on their demographic characteristics, feeding practices and duration, and 24-hour recall obtained from their parents. Feeding characteristics were categorized into feeding type, duration of total breastfeeding, duration of total formula feeding, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and age when starting formula feeding. Dietary patterns were identified based on factor loadings for the food groups for 3 major factors, with "vegetables & traditional," "fish & carbohydrates," and "sweet & fat" patterns. Overweight/obesity was defined as ≥85th percentile in body mass index based on the 2017 Korean National Growth charts for children and adolescents. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between feeding characteristics and dietary patterns. The association between dietary patterns and obesity was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The early introduction of formula feeding was inversely associated with the "vegetables & traditional" pattern (β=-0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.34 to -0.02). A higher "vegetables & traditional" intake was associated with a lower risk of obesity (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.95). Conclusions: Feeding characteristics are associated with dietary patterns in later childhood, and dietary patterns were shown to have a potential protective association against obesity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2009

Feeding regimens was investigated for the growth and survival rate of juvenile Maroon clownfish (Premnas biaculeatus) in order to establish a seed production technique for this fish. Three types of feeding regimens were used, and growth and survival were highest under the following regimen: rotifer from day 0, Artemia from day 4, copepod from day 9 and artificial food from day 15, respectively (P<0.05). The average body lengths of the larvae were $6.76{\pm}0.55\;mm$, $7.63{\pm}0.50\;mm$ and $7.33{\pm}0.43\;mm$ in the Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana and control treatments conducted with 3 larvae/L, respectively (P<0.05). There were significant differences in larval growth between the treatments and controls conducted with 6 larvae/L and 9 larvae/L, respectively (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference between the N. oculata and I. galbana treatments (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in larval growth between the treatments at densities of 3-9 larvae/L (P>0.05). At highest density level, the larvae reared in I. galbana had the highest survival rate whereas survival was lowest in the control.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2016

To explore the feeding ecology of the newly described heterotrophic dinoflagellate Aduncodinium glandula in the family Pfiesteriaceae, its feeding behavior and prey species were investigated. Additionally, the growth and ingestion rates of A. glandula on the mixotrophic dinoflagellates Heterocapsa triquetra and Akashiwo sanguinea, its optimal and suboptimal prey, respectively were measured. A. glandula fed on prey through a peduncle after anchoring to the prey using a tow filament. A. glandula ate all algal prey and perch blood cells tested and had the most diverse prey species in the family Pfiesteriaceae. Unlike for other pfiesteriacean species, H. triquetra and A. sanguinea support the positive growth of A. glandula. However, the cryptophytes Rhodomonas salina and Teleaulax sp. and the phototrophic dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae did not support the positive growth of A. glandula. Thus, A. glandula may have a unique kind of prey and its optimal prey differs from that of the other pfiesteriacean dinoflagellates. With increasing mean prey concentration, the growth rates of A. glandula on H. triquetra and A. sanguinea increased rapidly and then slowed or became saturated. The maximum growth rates when feeding on H. triquetra and A. sanguinea were 1.004 and 0.567 d⁻¹, respectively. Further, the maximum ingestion rates of A. glandula on H. triquetra and A. sanguinea were 0.75 and 1.38 ng C predator⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively. There is no other pfiesteriacean species having H. triquetra and A. sanguinea as optimal and suboptimal prey. Thus, A. glandula may be abundant during blooms dominated by these species not preferred by the other pfiesteriacean dinoflagellates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the extruding effects of corn and wheat on growth performance and fecal digestibility of amino acids in early-weaned pigs. Ground corn and wheat by a hammer mill (3 mm screen in diameter) were extruded at $130{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with a moist-type extruder ($Matador^{(R)}$). Treatments were: 1) 3 mm ground corn, 2) extruded corn, 3) 3 mm ground wheat, and 4) extruded wheat. A total of 160 pigs (14 d of age and $4.3{\pm}0.74kg$ BW) were allotted with the dietary treatments for a 21-d feeding trial. All diets were mash and contained 30% corn or wheat products. For a digestibility trial, 16 pigs (14-d old and $4.2{\pm}0.32kg$ BW) were employed in individual metabolic crates. There were no differences (p>0.15) in growth performance between corn-fed and wheat-fed groups. Feeding pigs diets containing extruded corn or wheat did not affect ADG (p>0.15) and ADFI (p>0.15), but it improved feed/gain (p<0.01). Also, feeding pigs diets containing extruded corn or wheat had lower true fecal digestibilities of arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine and valine (p<.007) in the pigs. In conclusion, our results suggest that extruding corn and wheat had no benefit on the growth of early-weaned pigs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.171-178
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• 2021

A comparative study was conducted to examine the effects of mixed and separate gender feeding on growth performance of Korean native chickens (KNC) against a white semi-broiler (WSB) and a commercial broiler (CB) over five weeks. 576 chicks were used with eight birds per cage in a randomized complete block design with 18 replicates per breed. For the KNC lines, three groups of male (M), female (F) and mixed-gender (FM) were used. Fresh water and feed were supplied on an ad-libitum basis. Birds were fed a standard starter (d 1 - 22) and grower diet (d 23 - 35). Body weight (BW), feed intake, and shank length (SL) were measured weekly. From the BW and feed consumed data, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. The commercial broiler showed higher performance (p < 0.05) for all the indices measured for the entire period. The CB group consumed more feed and were more feed-efficient thus grew faster. This group was followed by the white semi-broiler and the KNC, in order. An intra-breed comparison for KNCs revealed that the males showed better growth performance with longer SL (p < 0.05) compared to the female and mixed-gender groups. The results showed that other than the breed type, mixed and separate gender feeding impacted on the growth performance of the two lines of Korean native chickens. Males for both lines of KNC generally performed better for the parameters measured, as determined by a greater BW and reduced FCR.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 1995

Larvae of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium nipponense were reared in the laboratory at constant condition $(25^{\circ}C,\;7\%o)$, and their feeding rate, oxygen consumption rate, and growth rate were measured in regular intervals of time during larval development. Regression equations describing rates of feeding, growth and respiration as functions of time during individual larval molt cycles were inserted in a simulation model in order to analyse time-dependent patterns of variation as well as in bioenergetic efficiencies. Absolute values for feeding, growth, respiration and assimilation showed clear changes during the molt cycle, The absolute and specific values of respiration (R: R/C) showed small variation during the individual molt cycles. Significance of respiration in relation to growth (G) increased within the carbon budget, respiration rate (R/C) outbalanced growth rate (G/C) in late premolt. When the portion of metabolizable carbon is respired (R/G), metabolic coefficient was < 1 (i.e. R$(K_2)$ decreased concurrently, In cumulative carbon budget, total feeding was $491.54\;{\mu}g$ C/ind., assimilation was $85.3\%$, respiration was $47.7\%$, and growth was $37.6\%$ from hatching to postlarval stage.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.294-301
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• 2023

The effects of Cu on feeding and macro-porosity characteristics were investigated in hypo- (A356 and 319) and hypereutectic (391) aluminum-silicon alloys. T-section and Tatur tests showed that the feeding and macro-porosity characteristics were significantly different between the hypo- and hypereutectic alloys. The hole and the pipe in the T-section and the Tatur casting in hypereutectic alloy showed a rough and irregular shape due to the faceted growth of the primary silicon, while the results of the hypoeutectic alloys exhibited a rather smooth surface. However, the addition of Cu did not strongly affect the macro-feeding behavior. It is known that copper segregates and interferes the feeding process in the last stage of solidification, possibly leading to form more amount of micro shrinkage porosity by the addition of Cu. The macro porosity formation mechanism and feeding properties were discussed upon T-section and Tatur tests together with an alloying addition.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.789-796
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rate on growth performance, blood components and histology of growing olive flounder. The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum feeding rate of the fish (initial fish mean weight of $97{\pm}3.0$ g) at the optimum water temperature. Two replicated groups of fish were fed commercial diet at the feeding rates of 0, 1.0, 1.65 and 2.3% body weight (BW)/day and satiation. Feeding trial was conducted under a flow-through system with ten 1.2 metric ton aquaria receiving filtered seawater at $21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for three weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed to satiation were significantly higher than those for the unfed fish and for fish fed at 1.0 and 1.65% BW/day. There were no significant differences in values of such parameters between fish fed at 1.65% and those fed at 2.3% BW/day and between fish fed at 2.3% and those fed to satiation. Weight gain and SGR for the unfed fish were significantly lower than those for fish in the other treatments. All the tissues (hepatopancreas, kidney and anterior intestine) were in good condition in fish fed the experimental diet at different feeding rates. This result indicates that the optimum feeding rates of olive flounder (97-160 g) was approximately 2.52% BW/day at the optimum water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 2011

The sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi is mainly cultured in Tongyeong, Southern coastal area of Korea. This study presents the physiological rates of respiration, excretion, feeding and assimilation efficiency of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi to analyze the SFG(scope for growth) and net growth efficiency, determined during 2007. Oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion rates increased with a rise in temperature during the summer period whereas feeding rates decreased. The O:N ratio was high during winter(October to February). Assimilation efficiency showed an annual average of 75.4% during the experimental period, except during a period of elevated temperature in July to September(average $25^{\circ}C$). Net growth efficiency($K_2$) was 8.7 to 64.2% except for May to September, when temperature increased at the aquaculture farm. SFG was negative from May to September, reflecting high temperatures and low feeding rates during this period; its highest positive values occurred during winter.