• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권9호
• /
• pp.1233-1242
• /
• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.236-244
• /
• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of quantitative feed restriction on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, efficiency and feeding behavior, and productive performance in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows during the middle third of their lactation. Methods: Sixty F1 Holstein/Zebu cows with 111.5±11.75 days of lactation and an initial body weight (BW) of 499±30 kg (mean±standard error of the mean) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with the following diet levels of feed restriction: 3.39%, 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25%, and 2.00% of BW, with 12 replications for each level. The experiment lasted for 63 days, of which each period lasted 21 days with the first 16 days for diet adaptation followed by 5 days for collection of data and samples. Results: For each 1% of BW diet restriction, there was a decrease in dry matter intake of 5.26 kg/d (p<0.01). There was no difference in daily milk production (p = 0.09) under the restriction levels of 3.39% to 2.0% of BW. When corrected for 3.5% fat, milk production declined (p = 0.05) 3.46 kg/d for each percentage unit of feed restriction. Conclusion: Restricting the feed supply for F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in the middle third of their lactation period altered nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior but did not affect milk production or feed efficiency. However, considering the observed BW loss and decrease in milk production corrected for 3.5% fat, restriction of no less than 2.5% BW is recommended.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.199-208
• /
• 2002

본 연구에서는 실험을 통해 PLC와 하부장치들 사이에 RS -485 직렬 통신방식의 네트웍을 이용한 정보 교환에 있어 잡음 손실이나 왜곡현상이 매우 낮다는 것을 보였다. 제시한 네트웍 방법과 알고리즘에 의해 동작하는 PLC의 효율과 작업 능력을 기반으로 작업장을 분화하여 필요한 작업을 배치한 방법은 매우 효과적이고 편리하며 유용한 정보를 제공하였다. 보다 정확한 정보의 축척과 높은 효율을 위해 본 실험에서 제시한 알고리즘과 운용방법을 각 목장에 활용할 때에는 사용자나 관리자의 요구에 따라 데이터를 통한 계측장비의 교정과 함께 수정이 필요하겠다. 하지만 무엇보다 PLC를 이용한 축산자동화를 통해 사양관리에 필요한 생체 계측 정보를 착유와 동시에 자동으로 다량 획득하여 데이터 전자 문서파일로 보관함으로서, 긴 시간의 지연 없이 사양관리 감독자에게 제공할 수 있는 방법적 해결에 유용성과 신속성을 보였고 사용자나 관리자가 필요한 작업을 수행할 때에 매일 반복적인 작업에 대한 보조적 역할을 하거나 착유 시설과 급이 시설에 완전한 자동화 무인화를 위한 보조적 장비로서 필요한 시설과 정보를 제공하는 것이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.600-612
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the recovery state of 6 month between s-ICH and s-SAH patients. The patients' recovery state was measured with 2 dimensions: functional and cognitive. Methods: Non-experimental prospective design was adopted by including 108 hemorrhagic stroke patients(s-ICH: 52 vs s-SAH: 56) admitted to Intensive Care Unit of one university hospital. Results: The study results showed that overall functional recovery state of s-SAH patients was better than that of s-ICH patients, and s-SAH patients also showed better recovery states in all of the sub-dimensions of functional recovery, such as feeding, grooming, and toileting, than those of s-ICH in 6 month. On the contrary, the study results showed that overall cognitive recovery states of 6 month between two groups were not significantly different. However, according to the results comparing the sub-dimensions of cognitive recovery, s-SAH patients' recovery states on attention, communication and memory were significantly better than those of s-ICH patients, while recovery states on problem solving, safety behavior, and social behavior between 2 groups were not significantly different. Conclusion: From the study results, it was noted that s-SAH patients showed better recovery states in cognitive dimension as well as in functional dimension compared with s-ICH patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.511-516
• /
• 2007

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of differently maturing corn hybrids on silage production and milk production per unit area in the northern part of Japan, where grain development occurs under decreasing ambient temperature. Both hybrids were harvested at the same time. The stages of maturity for the early-maturing hybrids (EH; 80 d relative maturity) and the mid-maturing hybrids (MH; 93 d relative day) were early dent and late dough stage, respectively. The plant yields for MH were higher than those for EH. The dry matter (DM) content of MH was lower than that for EH, and the effluent loss for MH silage was greater than that for EH silage. Therefore, the DM yields of prepared silage per area were similar for both treatments. Twelve multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows ($58{\pm}13$ days in milk) were fed diets based on EH or MH silage in a crossover design with two 3-week periods. Cows were fed 3 kg of hay crop silage (DM basis) and either EH or MH silage ad libitum, and concentrates were supplied to meet NRC requirement for dairy cows. Silage DM intake for EH was found to be higher (p<0.05) than that for MH (10.0 vs. 9.1 kg/day). Milk production and milk composition for EH were similar to those for MH. Feed efficiency per total feed intake was similar in both treatments, although the feed efficiency per concentrate intake tended to be higher for the EH than that for the MH diet. These results indicate that differences in maturation in corn hybrids affect the effluent production of silage and the silage intake of dairy cows. It may be advantageous to plant early hybrid corn with a reduction in effluent production of silage as well as a reduction in purchased feed costs for dairy cows under the climatic conditions of the northern part of Japan.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권8호
• /
• pp.1190-1196
• /
• 2006

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Korean, Japanese and Chinese green tea on laying performance and egg quality in hens. A total of 168 "Tetran Brown" hens aged 40 weeks were assigned to 7 treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment had 4 replicates accommodating 6 layers per replication. The seven dietary treatments were: 1) control diet with no green tea added, 2) diet containing 1.0% Korean green tea (1.0% KGT), 3) diet containing 2.0% Korean green tea (2.0% KGT), 4) diet containing 1.0% Japanese green tea (1.0% JGT), 5) diet containing 2.0% Japanese green tea (2.0% JGT), 6) diet containing 1.0% Chinese green tea (1.0% CGT), and 7) diet containing 2.0% Chinese green tea (2.0% CGT). Egg production rate of the layers fed diets containing 1.0 or 2.0% green tea powders were significantly increased compared to that of the control (p<0.05). The egg weight of layers was significantly reduced in layers fed 1.0% CGT (p<0.05). The feed intake was significantly decreased in KGT and CGT groups at 2.0% inclusion levels (p<0.05). The egg shell thickness and shape index of JGT treatment was significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit of eggs for layers fed diets containing green tea powders regardless of origin (p>0.05). Green tea feeding to layers tended to reduce the overall cholesterol content of egg yolk. Particularly, 1.0 or 2.0% CGT significantly depressed the total cholesterol content of egg yolk (p<0.05). In conclusion, incorporation of 1.0 or 2.0% Korean, Japanese and Chinese green tea into layer diets regardless of origin had favorable effects on laying performance and egg quality profiles. Among the three green tea sources, the Chinese green tea powder had the highest reducing effect on cholesterol content in egg yolk.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.250-261
• /
• 1999

This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group Pretest-posttest design in quasi experimental basis and newly born premature infants from intensive care unit of G Medical University Hospital in Inchon Metropolitan were selected in two groups of 21 infants each. The first group for experimental and the other for control. Data has been collected form October 30, 1997 to August 29, 1998. For the experimental group tactile and kinesthetic stimulation was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00～ll:00 hours in the morning and 17:00～18:00 in the afternoon). As, a weight weighing instrument, electronic indicator scale(Cas Co. korea) was used. Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using x²-test, student t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson correlated coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. The result were as follow. 1. As for the daily weight gain, the experimental group showed first change in weight and this group also showed higher weight in the average weight than the control group. Statistically, however. there was no significant factor between the two groups. 2. In the correlation between general characteristics and weight gain, gestation Period. apgar score, admission Period before study, N.P.O. period after birth, recovery Period to birth weight showed statistical significance negative correlation with weight gam in the experimental group than control group. 3. In the factor with affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recovery period to birth weight and head circumference in the experimental group, control group showed recovery period to birth weight, N. P. O. period after birth. admission period before study, feeding amount, weight of study. In conclusion. the sensory stimulation in this study showed a Positive aspect through there was no statistical significance in the weight gam. Tn the correlation of general characteristics and weight gam showed statistical significance negative correlation The main factor which affected the weight gain by general characteristics showed recover period to birth weight.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 2008

본 실험은 Herbs와 Plant extracts(PE)가 산란계의 생산성과 소장내 미생물 균총 및 면역 체계에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 67주령의 산란계(Hy-line Brown) 1,440수를 선별하여 A형 2단 케이지에 대조구 포함 총 9처리구로 구성하여 처리당 8반복 반복당 20수씩 randomized block design으로 배치하였다. 시험 기간 동안 물과 사료는 자유 섭취하게 하였으며, 일반적인 점등 관리(자연 일조 + 조명; 16 hr)를 실시하였다. 시험구는 대조구, 항생제구; Avilamycin 6 ppm, $Herb-Mix^{(R)}$ 0.2%구, PE-BIOSTRONG $510^{(R)}$ 0.02% 구, $PE-APEX^{(R)}$ 0.02%구, $PE-Digestarom^{(R)}$ 0.02%구, $PE-Phello-zyme^{(R)}$ 0.1%구, $PE-Galicin^{(R)}$을 0.05%구, PE-CRINA $Poultry^{(R)}$ 0.05%구 등 총 9처리구였다. 일계 산란율은 처리구간에 유의적 차이는 없었지만, 첨가구들이 대조구보다 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율은 처리구간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 사료 섭취량은 첨가구들이 대조구보다 높았다. 사료 요구율은 T8(PE-Galicin)구가 모든 첨가구중에 가장 높았다. 난각과 난황 색깔 지수는 처리구간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 난각 색깔 지수는 첨가제간에 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 난황 색깔 지수는 T9(PE-CRINA Poultry)가 대조구보다 유의하게 높았다. Haugh unit은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. Leukocytes와 erythrocytes 관련 모수들은 처리간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. WBC 수준과 stress index는 일반적으로 첨가구들이 대조구보다 높았다. RBC 수준은 Herb-Mix와 PE구들이 대조구보다 낮은 경향을 보여주었다. 혈청 IgG 농도는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 모든 첨가구들이 대조구보다 높았다. 첨가구들에서 Lactobacillius는 증가하고 Cl. perfrigens는 감소하였다. E. coli는 첨가구들이 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다. 결론적으로 herbs와 plant extract는 산란계에서 산란율을 증가시키는 경향이 있었고 혈액 성상 및 장내 미생물 균총에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제31권3B호
• /
• pp.205-209
• /
• 2011

배수관로 내의 토사퇴적으로 인한 통수능 저하는 도시홍수의 주요 발생 원인으로 배수관로의 효율적 유지관리는 도시홍수 예방에 대단히 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 만관 원형관로에서의 토사이송 실험을 실시하고 배수관로 내에서 일어나는 유사이송 형태, 흐름의 저항 및 유사량 등 수리학적 특성을 분석함으로써 관로의 효율적 유지관리를 위한 기초 자료를 제시 하였다. 본 실험은 길이 8 m, 관경 60 mm의 수평 관로와 유사 공급장치로 구성된 모형장치을 통하여 실내실험을 수행하였다. 실험장치는 최대 $30m^3/hr$ 규모의 유량 순환시스템을 갖추고 있으며 관로 상류부에 5 g/s~19 g/s 규모의 유사 공급 장치와 함께 관로 끝부분에 유사 회수시스템을 갖추고 있다. 본 연구 수행 결과 통수단면의 평균유속(U), 점성계수(${\mu}$), 단위 폭당 소류사량($q_b$), 평균입경($d_{50}$), 수중유사단위중량(${\gamma}^{\prime}_s$)를 주요 인자로 하는 두 개의 무차원 변수를 이용하여 압력 원형관로 내 토사이송을 예측하는 공식을 제안하였으며 이들 무차원 변수 간에는 선형 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.87-95
• /
• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets. Methods: Seventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect intestinal samples. Results: No significant differences were observed for growth performance. The butyrate-and tannin-based additive resulted in reduced (p<0.05) incidence of diarrhea in piglets during d 1 to 14 and d 1 to 35 in comparison with the other treatments. Piglets that consumed the diet containing the calcium-butyrate and tannin showed a lower (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum than those receiving the NC treatment at 14 d of experimentation. The BT treatment provided a lower (p<0.05) immune-expression of COX-2 at 14 d and TNF-α at 35 d in the duodenum. Conclusion: Association between calcium butyrate and tannin extract resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea and inflammatory process in the duodenum of piglets. Therefore, calcium-butyrate combined with tannin could be a part of an alternative program to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the diet of weaned piglets.