• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.263-278
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• 2022

With the recent advent of IoT technology, automatic pet feeders are being distributed so that owners can feed their companion animals while they are out. However, due to behaviors of pets, the method of measuring weight, which is important in automatic feeding, can be easily damaged and broken when using the scale. The 3D camera method has disadvantages due to its cost, and the 2D camera method has relatively poor accuracy when compared to 3D camera method. Hence, the purpose of this study is to propose a deep learning approach that can accurately estimate weight while simply using a 2D camera. For this, various convolutional neural networks were used, and among them, the ResNet101-based model showed the best performance: an average absolute error of 3.06 grams and an average absolute ratio error of 3.40%, which could be used commercially in terms of technical and financial viability. The result of this study can be useful for the practitioners to predict the weight of a standardized object such as feed only through an easy 2D image.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.128-141
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• 2022

Compared to the conventional farms (CF) rearing of broilers, the rearing management of animal welfare-certified farms (AF) must provide low stocking density, perch, air regulation, and feeding plant-based protein. This study aimed to compare the effects of rearing management in CF and AF on blood parameters, meat quality, and bioactive compound content in Ross 308 broiler chickens at the farm level before transportation to slaughterhouses. Blood and meat samples were obtained at 28-35-dayold chickens from three CF and three AF. In blood samples, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.001), glucose (p<0.01), total protein (p<0.001), albumin (p<0.01), and white blood cell (p<0.001) levels as well as the heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio [stress index (SI), p<0.001] were lower in broilers from AF than in CF. In meat samples, shear force (p<0.001, p<0.05), and carnosine contents (p<0.001, p<0.05) in both breast and thigh meat from AF were higher than those in meat from CF. The contents of linoleic acid (p<0.001), α-linolenic acid (p<0.001), and eicosapentaenoic acid (p<0.05) were higher in the samples from AF than those from CF. This study reveals that such differences are influenced by the different rearing factors in nutrition, housing, and management practices between CF and AF. Supplementation of plant-based protein and enough space to move due to lower stocking density accounts for the large differences between them. These results can be used as preliminary data showing that the AF system reduces the SI and enhances carnosine and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in chicken meat at the farm level before transportation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2024

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is emphasized to enhance ecosystem conservation and increase its ecological value. However, effective implementation of PES and policy execution requires insufficient ecosystem monitoring and research. Therefore, this study analyzed the effectiveness of PES implemented in Janghang Wetland to propose habitat management strategies. The study included monitoring migratory birds and analyzing key species' food sources. The dominant avian species observed in Janghang Wetland include Larus crassirostris, Anas platyrhynchos, Anser albifrons with their primary food sources analyzed as Gramineae plants such as Bromus japonicus, Elymus sibiricus, Brassicaceae plants such as Rorippa palustris. Furthermore, this study found that PES facilitates rice seed supply within Janghang Wetland, benefiting birds including Grus vipio, Anser fabalis, A. albifrons. To sustainable manage Janghang Wetland, improving food supply systems and exploring decentralized supply methods for G. vipio and Gooses (Anser fabalis, A. albifrons) are necessary. Additionally, managing boundaries between agricultural and developmental areas to improve ecological connectivity is essential. This study reaffirmed the ecological importance of Janghang Wetland as a crucial habitat for migratory species. The result will be significant as foundational data that can be used for future policy-making and support sustainable conservation efforts.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4 s.92
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• pp.366-373
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• 2000

Toxin production and low digestibility of cyanobacteria are known to cause low exploitability of cyanobacteria by zooplankton. In this study, we compared relative tolerance and compatibility of zooplankton taxa in eight eutrophic lakes, exposed to frequent cyanobacterial blooms, uring the summer season of 1999. Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Phormidium were common cyanobacteria in all lakes. with relatively lower $NO_3-N$ concentration (<0.2 mgN/l) and TN/TP ratio (<20), compared with other lakes where colonial cyanobacteria dominated. Rotifers were dominant zooplankton in most lakes, and among them, Keratella, Polyarthra and Hexathra were common. The laboratory feeding experiment showed that relative copepods that greatly decreased (90%) after 4 day when cyanobacteria were used as the food source of zooplankton, while rotifers gradually increased with the change of dominant taxa from Keratella through Pompholyx to Monostyla. These results suggest that rotifers may be capable of coexisting with cyanobacteria by exploiting them for the food source.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between changes of rumen microflora and bloat in Jersey cow. Jersey cows (control age: 42 months, control weight: 558kg; treatment age: 29 months, treatment weight 507kg) were fed on the basis of dairy feeding management at dairy science division in National Institute of Animal Science. The change of microbial population in rumen was analyzed by using next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies due to metabolic disease. The diversity of Ruminococcus bromii, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium merycicum and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens known as major starch fermenting bacteria was increased more than 36-fold in bloated Jersey, while cellulolytic bacteria community such as Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens was increased more than 12-fold in non-bloated Jersey. The proportion of bacteroidetes and firmicutes was 33.4% and 39.6% in non-bloated Jersey's rumen, while bacteroidetes and firmicutes were 24.9% and 55.1% in bloated Jersey's. In conclusion, the change of rumen microbial community, in particular the increase in starch fermenting bacteria, might have an effect to occur the bloat in Jersey cow.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

An experiment was carried out to investigate changing of water quality during the seed production of dark-banded rockfish Sebastes inermis in large scale tanks. Ten broodstock of dark-banded rockfish were held in three circular tanks (diameter 6.5 m; depth 2 m; water volume 50 ton) each (stocking density $0.061kg/m^3$). During the experiment the temperature ranged from 14.2 to $16.1^{\circ}C$. The fingerlings were 134 with rotifers only during 1 to 9 days after parturition, rotifers with Artemia nauplii during 10 to 20 days after parturition, Artemia nauplii only during 21 to 35 days after parturition, Artemia nauplii with commercial diet during 36 to 80 days after parturition and commercial diet only during 81 to 85 days after parturition. Water quality (dissolved oxygen, pH, $NH_4^+-N,\;NO_2^--N,\;NO_3^--N\;and\;PO_4^{3-}-P$) in rearing tanks measured every 5 days in long term monitoring investigation or every 2 hours in diurnal monitoring investigation. In 85 days after parturition, the body weight of fish grew up to 0.88 f and specific growth rate was 8.0%/day in body weight. In long term monitoring investigation, with the increase of the amount of supplied commercial diet, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH decreased, but the concentration of $NH_4^+-N\;(4.5\;to\;76.3{\mu}M),\;NO_2^--N\;(0.02\;to\;0.06{\mu}M),\;NO_3^--N\;(3.0\;to\;5.9{\mu}M)$, and $PO_4^{3-}-P\;(0.41\;to\;0.59{\mu}M)$ increased. In the diurnal monitoring investigation, the concentration of $NH_4^+-N$ showed great fluctuation and ranged from 3.0 to $9.1{\mu}M$ when fed rotifers, 16.3 to $45.8{\mu}M$ when fed Artemia nauplii and 36.5 to $120.1{\mu}M$ when fed commercial diet. After daily feeding with each of feed, the amount of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (P) wastage were 7.0 g and 0.7 g when fed rotifers, 24.7 g and 0.7 g when fed Artemia nauplii and 140.9 g and 2.2 g when 134 commercial diet. The amount of DIN and phosphorous wastage during 134 commercial diet was significantly higher than that of fed rotifer and Artemia nauplii (P<0.05). Results will provide valuable information far water quality management and culture of dark-banded rockfish in commercial seed production systems.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.285-300
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• 1998

1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 2003

The pathogenic effort of high glucose, possibly in concert with fatty acids, is mediated to vascular complications of diabetes via increased production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), reactive nitrogen species(RNS), and subsequent oxidative stress. This study was carried out to investigate the suppressive effect of buchu(Allium tuberosum) on oxidative stress in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetes in Sprague Dawley male rats. The effect of buchu supplementation (10%) on lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative defense system in blood and liver was compared among normal rats fed basal diet(normal) and diabetic rats fed basal diet(DM-control) or 10% buchu-supplemented diet(DM-buchu). Diabetes was experimentally induced by the femoral muscle injection of 50 mg STZ per kg of body weight. Animals were sacrificed after 4 wks of experimental diets feeding. The induction of diabetes by STZ elevated the level of lipid peroxidation represented by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances(TBARS) and conjugated dienes in plasma, LDL, liver, and erythrocytes. 10% buchu-supplemented diet significantly reduced the levels of conjugated dienes in erythrocytes(p<0.05) and lowered TBARS in liver and LDL to the levels of control. Induction of diabetes by STZ elevated Mn-superoxide dismutase(Mn-SOD) activity and lowered activities of glutathionine reductase(GSH-red) and glutathionine peroxidase(GSH-px). Catalase activity was not affected by the induction of diabetes by STZ. However, buchu supplementation to diabetic rats significantly elevated catalase activity(p<0.05) and slightly elevated GSH-px and GSH-red activities in liver. GSH levels of blood and liver were lowered or not changed by induction of diabetes by STZ, respectively, while buchu supplementation to diabetic rats significantly elevated hepatic GSH level (p<0.05). In conclusion, it can be concluded that buchu might be a food source to attenuate oxidative stress in diabetic patients by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, by increasing hepatic GSH level, and by inducing anti-oxidative enzyme systems.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

The goal of this study was to develop a suitable ventilation system for high-rise hog building (HRHB) for growing-fattening with combined slatted floor pen in second story and in situ manure management system in Korea. The HRHB was constructed as 29m long, 9m wide and 7.6m high for outer dimension with an indoor height of 3.1m and 2.4 for lower and upper floor, respectively. Ventilation systems for each treatment were installed in separated rooms of HRHB. The ventilation types installed in each room were following 3 types: ventilation type 1 (V1), where air was pulled through a circular duct inlet and exhausted by fans; ventilation type 2 (V2), where air was pulled through eave inlet (side ceiling inlet) and exhausted by fans; and ventilation type 3 (V3), where air was pulled through baffled ceiling inlet and exhausted by fans. For each ventilation system, investigated air velocity under minimum, medium and maximum ventilation ratio and air flow pattern inside. The results were as follows; For air flow pattern from top to bottom, V1 showed a homogeneous vertical type, V2 showed a bilateral symmetry type and V3 showed an vertical umbrella type. Under minimum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor (80cm above the slated floor) was similar for V1, V2, and V3. Under maximum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor was undeviating for V1 (0.10~0.26m/s) and varied for V2 (0.12~0.63m/s) while those for V3 was relatively slow and less varied (0.07~0.15m/s). In conclusion, Duct inlet type (V1) can be applied to the development of a new HRHB with additional evaluations such as field test hog feeding.