• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this pilot study was to assess the safety and dosing of scolopendrid pharmacopuncture (SPP). Methods: A total of 40 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats (males and 20 females 20) were selected following a 7-day inspection and acclimation period. SPP was administered via intramuscular injection, over a 2-week period using 3 doses including a high-dose [0.84 mg of scolopendrid per kg of body weight (BW)], a med-dose (0.42 mg/kg BW), and a low-dose (0.21 mg/kg BW). The control group was injected with sterile water into the muscles. Unusual changes caused by administration of the test substance were observed. Weight, feed intake, organ weight, and hematological examinations were compared among the groups. Using the SPSS statistical program, Levene's test was performed to evaluate the homogeneity of variances, and a one-way ANOVA test was subsequently performed to assess the significance between each test group. Results: During the experiment no animals died. Weight change, food consumption, organ weight, hematological test, and blood biochemical tests showed no significant differences in the treatment groups compared to controls. Conclusion: No toxicological changes related to the administration of test substances were observed. Therefore, the LD₅₀ (lethal-dose that kills 50%) of scolopendrid pharmacoupuncture in rats was greater than 0.84 mg/kg.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2006

To investigate additive effects of endocrine disruptors, we have histopathologically studied the exchanges of the reproductive organ to ovariectomized ICR mice. Female ICR mice were ovariectomized and then treated with endocrine disruptors after two weeks. Macroscopic exchanges, which were body weight, feed and water intake, of all groups were not seen during experiment period. Histopathological changes of uterine epithelial cells, vaginal epithelial cells, mammary glands and the diameter in uterine tubles were observed. In the results, the histopathological sensitivity to endocrine disruptors effect was more seen to the vaginal epithelial cell height than others. The additive estrogenic effects of endocrine disruptors, which were combinations of DEHP, DBP and BPA, were seen with E2 and BPA treatments. These results offers a sysmatic and mechanistically informative approach to assessing estrogenicity. It provides a useful profile of activity using a reasonable amount of resources and is compatible with the study of individual chemicals as well as the investigation of interactions among combinations of chemicals.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2019

Objectives: KCHO-1(Mecasin), also called Gamijakyakgamchobuja-tang originally, is a combination of some traditional herbal medicines in East Asia. This medicine has been used mainly for alleviating neuropathic pains for centuries in Korean traditional medicine. KCHO-1 was developed to treat pain, joint contracture and muscular weakness in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This study was carried out to investigate the chronic toxicity of KCHO-1 oral administration in rats for 26 weeks. Methods: Sprague-Dawely rats were divided into four groups and 10 rats were placed in the control group and the high-dose group, respectively. Group 1 was the control group and the remaining groups were the experimental groups. In the oral toxicity study, 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, and 2,000 mg/kg of KCHO-1 were administered to the experimental group, and 10 ml/kg of sterile distilled water was administered to the control group. Survival rate, body weight, feed intake, clinical signs, and visual findings were examined. Urinalysis, ophthalmologic examination, necropsy, organ weight, hematologic examination, blood chemical examination and histopathologic examination were performed. Results: Mortality and toxicological lesions associated with the administration of test substance were not observed in all groups. Conclusion: NOAEL(No observed adverse effect level) of KCHO-1 is higher than 2000 mg/kg/day. And, the above findings suggest that treatment with KCHO-1 is relatively safe.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-25
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• 1998

Anticarcinogenic activity of astaxanthin-containing egg yolks (designate AEY) was investigated for 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced two stage mouse epidermal carcinogenesis. Female ICR mouse (6-7 weeks of age) were house in a humidity-and-temperature-controlled facility and subjected to feed and water ad libitum. AEY (10 mg/0.2 ml acetone) was painted on the back of mice 7 days, 3 days and 5 min before DMBA treatment (50 nmole/0.2 ml acetone). One week later after DMBA treatment, 6 ${\mu}g$ tetradecanoyl 12-phorbol 13-O-acetate (TPA) dissolved in 0.2 ml acetone was applied on the mouse twice weekly over a period of 22 weeks. No sample was given to control mice. Control egg yolk (CEY) and astaxanthin-containing oil (designate AO) from Phaffia rhodozyma were used as positive controls. Mouse treated with AEY exhibited 10 tumors per mouse whereas control mouse exhibited 15 tumors per mouse, the fact that 33% reduction of tumor per mouse by AEY treatment. Tumor incidence was also reduced to 15% by AEY treatment when compared to that of control group. Such effects were also seen in CEY and AO treatment groups, but leaser extent. AO gave reduction of food intake and body weights relative to those of AEY and CEY, indicating toxicity of AO. These results suggest that AEY exhibits anticarcinogenic activity for DMBA-induced mouse epidermal carcinogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.874-880
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• 2019

Objective: Ozone is considered a strong antimicrobial agent with numerous potential applications in the food industry. However, its high oxidizing potential can induce alterations in foods by acting on the unsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ozonation on the oxidative stability of chicken breast meat obtained from animals subjected to different feeding strategies. Methods: Samples were obtained from commercial hybrid chickens (ROSS 508), some of which were nourished with a feed enriched with fats of animal origin, while the lipid source was vegetal for the remaining birds. Samples of meat belonging to both groups were treated with ozone and then analysis was performed to evaluate alterations in physical properties, lipid content, fatty acid profile, and oxidation stability. Results: Ozone induced a significant reduction in drip loss in meat samples obtained from animals nourished with vegetable fats; this nutritional strategy also produced meats leaner and richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, useful for the assessment of lipid oxidation, were higher in samples obtained from animals fed with vegetable fats with respect to diet based on the addition of animal fats. Conclusion: The ozone treatment improved the physical parameters of meat samples obtained from animals fed with vegetable fats, however the same samples showed a higher lipid oxidation compared to what observed in the case of the dietary intake of animal fats, probably as a consequence of the marked increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids which are more susceptible to peroxidation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2012

The present survey was conducted to provide basic information on Hanwoo calf management. Eight hundred and sixty-two Hanwoo breeding farms from all nine provinces were surveyed via personal interviews. The percentages of farms categorized by herd size were 30.5%, 32.8%, 26.0% and 10.7% for <50 heads, 51-100 heads, 101-200 heads, and >200 heads, respectively. More than 50% of farms offered calf starter at 6-10 days of age, showing that calf starter was offered relatively at an earlier age. Calf starter was replaced every three days by 30.1% of farms. The percentages of farms replacing starter weekly (19.2%) were even higher than those of replacing starter daily (18.8%), suggesting that the frequency of replacing starter needs to be increased to maintain starter freshness and to increase starter intake. About one-third of farms offered forage at 6-10 days of age and 21% of farms offered even at 1-5 days of age although it has been well known that forage does not contain either nutrient density or nutrient profile necessary to stimulate rumen papillae development, especially before weaning. Furthermore, about half of farms used rice straw with calf starter. Water was offered relatively at an earlier age (1-5 days of age) by 55% of farms. Deciding when to wean calves should be based on starter intake rather than age but less than 50% of farms decided weaning age by starter intake. In conclusions, to reduce weaning age of Hanwoo calves by rapid rumen papillae development it is necessary to provide fresh starter and water by increasing frequency of starter replacing and water trough cleaning and not to feed forage before weaning.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.318-327
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• 1985

This study was designed to investigate the effect of early protein undernutrition of rats on later susceptibility to lead poisoning. Weanling rats, weighing about 55 grams, were malnourished by feeding low protein diets ( 12% and 5% casein diet ) during the four weeks of protein deprivation period. For the following 5 weeks, the malnourished rats were fed with 25% casein diet as rehabilitation diet. After the rehabilitation period, all rats were fed with 25% casein diet and the drinking water containing 2000ppm-Pb during the four weeks. The results obtained were as follows ; 1 ) Feed intake, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were reduced in all rats exposed to lead, especially in rats fed with 5% casein diet during the four weeks of weanling period. 2 ) Enlargement of kidney and spleen were observed in all rats exposed to lead and were more remarkable in rats fed with 5% casein diet. 3 ) In rats exposed to lead, activity of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( S- GOT ) was significantly increased by increasing the degree of early protein deprivation, whereas hematocrit value was significantly decreased. Activity of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase ( S- GPT ) was shown a tendency to increase by increasing the degree of early protein deprivation, but the difference was not significant. 4) In rats exposed to lead, the amount of lead accumulation in kidney was increased by increasing the degree of early protein deprivation. The significant increase was shown in rats fed with 5% casein diet during the four weeks of weanling period. The results of the experiment suggest that early protein undernutrition, even after some period of rehabilitation, may enhance the later susceptibility to lead poisoning.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.107-110
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the quantity of Holstein dry cow manure excreted and their characteristics. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follow; The average body weight of the Holstein dry cow during experiment was 619.9kg. The feed intake(DM basis) and water consumption was 10.7, 38.6kg/day/head, repectively. The manure production of Holstein dry cow was 44.8kg/day/head (feces 26.9, urine 17.9kg). The moisture content of feces and urine was 84.5%, 95.3%, respectively. Wastewater pollutant concentration of $BOD_5$(Biochemical Oxygen demand), $COD_{Mn}$ (Chemical Oxygen demand), SS(Suspended Solids), T-N(Total Nitrogen) and T-P(Total Phosphorus), excreted from Holstein dry cow was 16,874,55,763, 87,333, 2,353, $368mg/{\ell}$ in feces and 5,621, 8,673, 518, 2,423, $3mg/{\ell}$ in urine, repectively. The fertilizer content of manure, N(Nitrogen), $P_2O_5$(Phosphoric acid) and $K_2O$(Potassium oxide) was 0.24, 0.08, 0.15% in feces and 0.24, 0.001, 0.30% in urine, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.522-528
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• 2018

Objective: This study evaluated inclusion of buckwheat silage to the diet of growing lambs in terms of meat quality as compared to maize silage. Methods: Buckwheat, rich in total phenols (TP, 33 g/kg dry matter [DM]), was harvested at the end of the milk stage and ensiled in 40 kg plastic bags after wilting (294 g/kg silage DM). A total of 18 growing lambs ($21.6{\pm}1.2$) were individually fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic total mixed rations (TMR) for 75 d that either contained buckwheat or maize silage at DM proportions of 0.50. At the end of feeding trail all lambs were slaughtered to assess carcass characteristics and meat quality. Results: Buckwheat silage increased (p<0.01) the DM intake of lambs as compared to maize silage, but had no effects (p>0.05) on live weight gain and feed efficiency. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force ($kg/cm^2$), and total viable bacteria count of meat did not differ (p>0.05) between the treatments. However, TP content of meat increased (p<0.001) by feeding buckwheat TMR. Feeding buckwheat TMR also decreased (p<0.05) the b* values of meat. Conclusion: The results provide that buckwheat silage is palatable and could successfully include TMR of growing lambs with no adverse effects on performance, carcass and meat quality. Additionally, feeding buckwheat silage to lambs offers increased TP in meat.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2005

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary salt levels on the performance in laying hens and broilers. In experiment 1, 108 Avian broilers of 21 days age were conducted to evaluate broiler's performance. The broilers were divided into 6 treatment groups with 6 pens (3 broilers/pen), and 134 diets with different levels of salt with 0.25 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and $2.5\%$, respectively, for 3 weeks $(3\~5 weeks)$. The feed intake was not affected by the treatments. However, moisture content in feces was increased as increasing levels of dietary salt (P<0.05). In experiment 2, 135 ISA Brown laying hens were used to evaluate on performance of laying hens. The dietary supplementation of salt levels were prepared at 0.25 (control), 1, 2, 3 and $4\%$, respectively, for 4 weeks. Feed intake was decreased as increasing the dietary salt levels during the experiment (P<0.05). Particularly, it was lower in $3\%\;and\;4\%$ salt level treatments compared with the control (P<0.05). As expected, water intake was increased as increasing the dietary salt levels (P<0.05). Therefore, the present results could indicate that dietary salt content need to be considered for broilers and laying hens.