• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1999

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of cholesterol and fiber on liver lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administrated 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate to induce hypercholesterolemia and were fed diet containing three levels(0%, 5% and 10%) of cellulose and pec-tin respectively. The rats were sacrified after 5 weeks of feeding period. Net weight gain and feed ef-ficiency ratio were increased in 10% fiber groups as compared to those of 5% fiber groups. Feed intake did not show significancy by fiber kinds and levels. Liver and kidney weights tended to be decreased in proportion to level of fiber. Heart weight was lowered in 10% fiber groups as compared to that of 5% fi-ber groups. Liver triglyceride concentration was significantly increased in pectin groups. Total-free-cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concentrations in liver were significantly decreased by fiber and were decreased in proportion to level of fiver. Phospholipid concentration was significantly decreased by fiber and were decreased in proportion to level of fiber. Phospholipid concentration was significantly decreased in 5% cellulose group. the results indicate that 10% pectin may have beneficial roles in hypercholester-olemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1988

This research was designed to investigate the influence of dietary fat and cholesterol on the excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids of rats. Experimental groups were divided into 6 groups according to the dietary treatment. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments included 3 levels of dietary fat(15, 30 or 45% energy) and 2 levels of dietary fat saturation(0.5 or 1.0n P/S ratio). After 4 weeks feeding, fecal excretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids were determined. The following results were obtained. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were singnificantly influenced by dietary fat level. Lipid digestibility was significantly increased in proportion to the level of dietary fat. However, no effect has been found in fecal secretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids by the differences of dietary fat levels and P/S ratios. The consumption of dietary cholesterol improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and lipid digestibility, but decreased total lipids excretion. And also, neutral steroids excretion showed tendency of increase with decreasing the fraction of coprostanol and increasing that of coprostanone, and total bile acids showed tendency of decrease by the consumption of dietary cholesterol.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1513-1520
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• 2014

The present aim was to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCM) on body temperature, blood physiological parameters, nutrient apparent digestibility and growth performance of beef cattle under heat stress conditions. Twenty-seven beef cattle were randomly divided into three groups as following; i) high temperature control (HTC), ii) traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions I+high temperature (TCM I) and iii) traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions II+high temperature (TCM II) (n = 9 per group). The results showed that the mean body temperature declined in TCM II treatment (p<0.05). Serum $T_3$ and $T_4$ levels with TCM I and TCM II treatments elevated (p<0.05), and serum cortisol levels of TCM I treatments decreased (p<0.05), compared with the HTC group. Total protein, albumin, globulin in TCM II treatments elevated and blood urea nitrogen levels of both TCM treatments increased, but glucose levels of both TCM treatments decreased, compared with the HTC group (p<0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude protein with TCM I treatment increased, and the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber elevated in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). Average daily feed intake was not different among three groups, however average daily gain increased and the feed:gain ratio decreased with both TCM treatments, compared with the HTC group (p<0.05). The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with TCM I or TCM II improves growth performance of heat stressed beef cattle by relieving heat stress responses and increasing nutrient apparent digestibility.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2015

Axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth enhancement is achieved for a circularly polarized (CP) cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using a wideband hybrid coupler (WHC) combined with dual probe feed. The presented WHC, comprised of a Wilkinson power divider and a wideband $90^{\circ}$ shifter, delivers good characteristics in terms of 3 dB power splitting and consistent $90^{\circ}$ (${\pm}5^{\circ}$) phase shifting over a wide bandwidth. In turn, the proposed CP DRA, for the employment of the WHC, in place of conventional designs, provides a significant enhancement on AR bandwidth and impedance matching. The antenna prototype with the WHC exhibits a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 48.66%, an impedance bandwidth of 52.5% for voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) ${\leq}2$, and a bandwidth of 44.66% for a gain of no less than 3 dBi. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed WHC is suitable for broadband CP DRA design.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.277-280
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• 1988

As a whole, the improvement of the weight gain ratio has rather a clear effect for the groups fed live yeast especially at 0.1% level, comparing with the control, and the nutrient digestibility is also improved, noticeably in protein digestibility. Feed intake is not, however, increased for the live yeast fed groups comparing with the control. The live yeast supplements are apparently responsible for the overall improvement in the nutrient availability and this, in turn, resulted in the weight gain of treated groups over the control.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 2002

A feeding trial was conducted to determine compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder in the spring. Five treatments of fish with 3 replicates were prepared: the control group fish (C) fed twice daily for 8 weeks, the Sl, S2, S3 and S4 fish fed for 7, 6, 5 and 4 weeks after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of starvation, respectively. Survival of olive flounder was not significantly different among treatments. Weight gain of flounder in S2 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish in S3 or S4, but not significantly different from that of fish in C or Sl. The poorest weight gain was observed in fish of S4 treatment. Specific growth rate (SGR) for flounder in S2 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that for fish in C or S4, but not significantly different from that of fish in Sl or S3. Feed intake (g/fish) was proportional to duration of days of feeding except for flounder in S2, but not significantly different among C, Sl or S2. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for flounder in S2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for fish in C, but not significantly different from those for fish in Sl, S3 or S4. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (CF) for flounder in Sl, S3 and S4 were not significantly different from those for fish in C, but significantly (P<0.05) lower than S2 except for CF in Sl at the end of the experiment. Proximate composition of the whole body of flounder was not significantly different among treatments. In considering results of the experiment, juvenile olive flounder achieved compensatory growth when properly fed after starved up to 2 weeks in the spring. Compensatory growth of fish was supported by improvement in SGR, FER and PER in fish starved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2014

A total of 150 growing ducks were assigned to five dietary treatments to study the effect of sea tangle and charcoal (STC) supplementation on growth performance and meat characteristics in a completely randomized design. There were six replicates and five ducklings in each replication. The five dietary treatments were control, antibiotic, and 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% STC supplemented diets. No significant differences were found on ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed among treatments in different weeks. The overall (0 to 3 weeks) ADFI decreased in antibiotic treatment (p<0.05) whereas the gain:feed increased significantly upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to control (p<0.05). No significant variation was found in meat chemical composition except crude fat content which was high in 1.0% STC dietary group (p<0.05). Meat cholesterol was reduced in 0.1% STC group (p<0.05) compared to other dose levels while serum cholesterol was unaffected. High density lipoprotein (HDL) content was high in 1.0% STC (p<0.05) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was low in 0.1% and 1.0% STC dietary groups (p = 0.06). No significant effect was found on the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of fresh meat, whereas the TBARS value of meat preserved for 1 week was reduced significantly in STC dietary groups (p<0.05). The 0.1% STC dietary group showed an increased myristic acid (p = 0.07) content whereas, the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids increased in STC supplementation than antibiotic group (p<0.05). An increased concentration of omega-3 fatty acids and a reduced ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was found upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to antibiotic dietary group (p<0.05). Therefore, 1.0% STC dietary supplementation can be used as alternatives to antibiotics in duck production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of alfalfa meal on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of growing layer ducks to provide evidence for application of alfalfa meal in the duck industry. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy Shaoxing 7-wk old growing layer ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 8 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 16 ducks each. Briefly, birds were raised in separate compartments, and each compartment consisted of three parts: indoor floor house, adjacent open area and a connecting water area. The results showed: i) Growing ducks fed alfalfa meal diet were not significantly different in average daily gain, feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio from those fed no alfalfa diet (p>0.05). ii) Alfalfa meal increased the ratio crop, gizzard to live weight, caecum to live weight, the caecum index of growing ducks (p<0.05). iii) Villus height in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks increased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). Crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks decreased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). This experiment showed that feeding of alfalfa meal to growing layer ducks could improve gastrointestinal tract growth and small intestinal morphology without effect on performance. This experiment provides evidence that alfalfa meal is a very valuable feedstuff for growing layer ducks.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

Optimal conditions to utilize egg type male chicks from hatchery for cultivating yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the effects of the yeast culture on growth of broiler chicks were investigated. The protein concentration of the spent cockerel extracts was the highest when extracted for 72 hours. Optimal water volume added to the spent cockerel chicks for the extraction was 1.5 times to the cockerel chicks weight (v/w ratio). Lipid in the extracts from the spent cockerel chicks did not affect on the yeast growth. The number of yeast cultured in the SCELP2 medium containing spent cockerel extracts and 4 % sugarcane molasses was higher by 26 % than that in the YEPD medium containing 1 % yeast extract, 2 % bacto pepton and 2 % glucose. Also the number of yeast cultured in the SBYW2 medium containing SCEP2 medium containing SCELP2 and 4 % brewer's yeast waste was increased by 8 %, compared to that in the SCELP2 medium. Body weight gain of chicks fed 4 % yeast culture supplementations cultivated in the SBYW2 medium was increased at 5 weeks by 9 %, relative to no supplementation(P<0.05). The results from this study suggest that the spent cockerel chicks can be utilized as nitrogen sources to produce yeast culture for animal feed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1994

The effect of diets(high fat, high fat high energy, pectin, cellulose) on adipocyte of epididymal fat pads were investigated in 70 male rats for 8 weeks. The rats were assigned to a control(C), high fat(HF) and high fat high energy(HFHE) group for 4 wks. During the next 4 wks, reassigned to one of three treatments (high fat, pectin supplemented, cellulose supplemented) in the HF group and one of three treatment (high fat high energy, pectin, cellulose) in the HFHE group. Therefore, the total experimental groups were 7 (C, HF, HF-P, HF-C, HFHE, HFHE-P, HFHE-C). Parameters evaluated and compared for each diet were body weight, total energy intake, feed efficiency ratio and weight changes in epididymal fat pads. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) There was no significant difference in body weight gain among the groups. 2) Total energy intake was higher in the C group than other groups. 3) Feed efficiency ratio (F.E.R) of the HF and HFHE groups were greater than C group(2, 4 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the HF and HFHE groups. 4) Epididymal fat pads(EFP 100g/B.W) of the FH and HFHE groups were higher than C group (2, 4 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the HF and HFHE groups. There was no significant difference in weight gain of epididymal fat pads among the groups(8 weeks). 5) Cell number and cell size of epididymal fat pads of the HF and HFHE groups were higher than the C group. The pectin and the cellulose supplementation groups decreased cell number and cell size of epididymal fat pads. Especially, the pectin supplementation group decreased than the cellulose supplementation in HFHE group. Therefore, we can concluded that the HF and the HFHE diet has no effect on the epididymal fat pads.