• 한국해양학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1970

지표를 스치며 많은 분,지류가 모여 이루어지는 각 하천수에는 적지않은 수량의 세균류가 혼입된다. 이것들은 결국 바다로 유입되어 연안 동,식물에 섭취되거나 또는 부착되어 또다시 우리의 식생활에 이입되는 순환을 거듭하고 있고, 이러한 과정에서 각종 질병의 원인이 유발되는 수가 적지 않다. 이러한 관점에서 환경수의 세균오염은 우리의 보건위생면에서, 가정용수 또는 산업용수의 이용면에서 매우 중요한 의의를 갖는 것이라고 하겠다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2010

This study was conducted to assess the validity of fecal coliforms to fecal streptococci ratio (FC/FS) for distinguishing the human from animal origin of fecal pollution in surface water. FC/FS ratio determined in effluent from municipal wastewater and human feces treatment plant (WWTP) and in downstream close to discharge of human feces was above 4 which indicates human origin. However FC/FS ratios determined seasonally in other water zones of the Nakdong River, even in the same sampling site, varied differently (above 4 or less than 0.7) due to different survival time of FC and FS and other environmental factors such as rainfall in watershed. Compared to other season, FC/FS ratios in winter were much lower regardless of the origin. It is concluded that the FC/FS ratio determined in surface water is not always valid for determining the origin of fecal pollution.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.871-879
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• 2010

To figure out the removal efficiency of indicator and pathogenic bacteria by unit processes of a sewage treatment plant using activated sludge process, analyses were done for incoming sewage, influent and effluent of primary clarifier, aeration tank, secondary clarifier and final discharge conduit of the plant. A matrix of bacterial items (average of bacterial reduction [log/ml], p value of paired t-test, number of decreased cases of twenty analyses, removal percentage only for decreased cases) between incoming sewage and final effluent of the plant were heterotrophic plate counts (1.54, 0.000, 20, 95.01), total coliforms (1.38, 0.000, 19, 83.94), fecal coliforms (0.90, 0.000, 20, 94.84), fecal streptococci (0.90, 0.000, 20, 98.08), presumptive Salmonella (0.23, 0.561, 7, 99.09), and presumptive Shigella (1.02, 0.002, 15, 92.98). Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, heterotrophic plate counts, and fecal streptococci showed highest decrease through secondary clarifier about 1-log (p<0.001) between 88% and 96%, and primary clarifier represented the significant (p<0.05) decrease. However, final effluent through discharge conduit showed higher total coliforms and fecal streptococci than effluent of secondary clarifier (p<0.05). In addition, final effluent once violated the water quality standard while effluent of secondary clarifier satisfied the standard. Hence some control measures including elimination of deposits in discharge conduit or disinfection of final effluent are necessary.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제6권3_4호
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• pp.92-96
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• 1973

우리가 즐겨 먹고 있는 생선회의 위생지표 세균의 오염도를 파악하고 나아가서 식품의 위생관리에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 1971년 3월부터 5월까지 부산시내 각종 음식점에서 손님에게 제공된 상태의 생선회 25종류를 수집하여 위생지표 세균인 대장균군, 분변계대장균, 분변계연쇄상구균, 장구균 및 일반생균수를 시험하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. fecal streptococci나 enterococci MPN은 coliform group이나 fecal coliform MPN보다 매우 높았다. 2. 대장균군과 장구균의 중앙치는 각각 3,300, 5,400 이었으며 일반생균수의 중앙치는 $1.8\times10^5$이었다. 3, 분변계대장균 MPN 230이상인 것이 시료의 $52\%$였다. 4. 생선회의 위생지표 세균으로서는 장구균보다 분변계대장균이 보다 합리적이었다. 5. 일반적으로 생각하는 음식점의 우열과 세균 오염도는 일치하지 않았다. 6. 각 위생지표 세균과 일반생균수 사이에는 일정한 상관관계는 없었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial contamination of Ice Tea sold on the l street in Seoul area. For this, study 81 samples were collected on the street from July to September, 1985 and were examined on the following items. 1. Degree of bacterial contamination. 2. The relation of the occurrence of fecal coliform and salmonella. 3. The change of bacterial contamination in Ice Tea against temperature. As the results of this study, the following conclusion were obtained. 1. The mean count of total viable bacteria by standard plate count was $6.5{\times}10^3$/ml, the mean count of total coliform and fecal coliform by MPN method were $3.4{\times}10^2$/100ml, 5.5/100ml and those of fecal streptococci was $3.2{\times}10^2$/100ml. 2. The mean count of Staphylococcus aureus was 10.5/ml, the isolated rate of salmonella was 7.41%. 3. In relation to the occurrence of fecal colfform and salmonella, salmonella isolated that for values above $10^2$ fecal coliform 100ml. 4. In the change of bacterial contamination in Ice Tea against temperature, the number of total coliform and fecal coliform increased at $25{\circ}$C, decreased at $4{\circ}$C, but fecal streptococci increased at $25{\circ}$C and $4{\circ}$C.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2010

Efforts to evaluate water pollution using indicator microorganisms have been underway for decades, and driven by research on water purity control applications, water quality criteria are growing more and more strict. Furthermore, recent reports indicate that high concentrations of antibiotics are not absorbed, and are present in excrement from animals and humans dosed with unnecessarily high levels of antibiotics. This has emerged as very important issue from the standpoint of being an ecological and health hazard. In this study, water pollution was analyzed through physicochemical and microbiological means, and antibiotic resistance in indicator microorganisms was assessed. In physicochemical analysis, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)$_5$ and chemical oxygen demand (COD)$_{Mn}$ evaluation showed that pollution by organisms was highest at the G1 location with a high human population, and the DP location which has many livestock-containing households. The indicator organism levels at the G1 location were: Total Coliforms (1205 colony forming units (CFU)/100 ml), Fecal Coliforms (270 CFU/100 ml), Escherichia coli (253 CFU/100 ml) and Fecal Streptococci (210 CFU/100 ml), while for the DP location levels were: Total Coliforms (1480 CFU/100 ml), Fecal Coliforms (438 CFU/100 ml), E. coli (560 CFU/100 ml), and Fecal Streptococci (348 CFU/100 ml). Levels of fecal indicator microorganisms such as Fecal Coliforms, E. coli and Fecal Streptococci were high at all locations in the fall (the period after the rainy season), and the yearly distribution was similar between these organisms. If the number of livestock-containing households was high, almost all strains of E. coli (as distinct from the other indicator organisms) showed resistance to antibiotics, with the degree of resistance varying between areas. E. coli strains from the OY area in particular, which has a high population density, showed strong resistance to AM10 and Va30. While strong antibiotic resistance was observed overall at the DP and OY locations, no resistance was observed at the EB location.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.64-64
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• 1999

The relations between micorfloral compositions and environmental factors of 32 Korean infants were sought through statistical analysis after examination of fecal bacterial and questions to their mothers about feeding experiences at three different times for each subjects, about one week after birth, before weaning (2-3 months after birth), and after weaning 95-7 months after birth). The majority of mothers fed their infants cereal foods after the age of 4 months and began weaning with fruit juice and commercial weaning foods. Defection frequencies and fecal pH of infants decreased significantly during the examination period and 37.5% of total infants in fecal samples increased significantly during the examination period, which means that the kinds of bacterial genera increase with aging of infants. Frequencies of streptococci were significantly higher in infants fed delivered by Caesarian section than infants delivered naturally. Frequencies of clostridia were significantly higher in infants fed with cereal food before 4 months of age than after 5 months. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher frequencies of veillonella at about 1 week old. They also showed significantly higher frequencies of clostridia before weaning than the infant fed with no probiotics, but significantly lower frequencies of C. perfringens before weaning. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher number of streptococci at the age of about 1 week and significantly higher numbers of total aerobes before weaning, but significantly lower numbers of bacteroides after weaning than their counter parts. The fecal pH was directly proportional to the number of clostridia, klebsiella, and total aerobes at about 1 week after birth, to the number of E. coli before weaning, and to the number of streptococci and clostridia after weaning. Fecal pH had a negative relationship to the total number of anaerobes in 1-week-old infants. The infants that had diarrhea during lactation showed higher frequencies of bacteroides before weaning than those that didn't.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

시판(市販)되고 있는 쥐치포의 미생물(微生物) 오염도(汚染度)를 조사(調査)하고 流通中(유통중) 衛生管理(위생관리)에 필요(必要)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 3회(回)에 걸쳐 수집한 후 오염지표균(汚染指標菌) 및 유해세균(有害細菌)의 존재(存在)를 검사(檢査)하고 microflora를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 호기성(好氣性) 중온균(中溫菌), 일반대장균군(一般大腸菌群), 분별성 대장균군(大腸菌群), Enterobacteriaceae 및 분변성 Streptococci의 오염도(汚染度)가 각각(各各) $3.5{\times}10^3{\sim}1.1{\times}10^8CFU/g$, $2.3{\sim}4.6{\times}10^5MPN/g$, $2.3{\sim}1.1{\times}10^5MPN/g$, $3.0{\times}10{\sim}4.4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ 및 $1.6{\times}10^2{\sim}7.6{\times}10^6CFU/g$이었다. microflora에 있어서는 호기성(好氣性) 중온균(中溫菌)의 경우 Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Micrococcus varians, M. luteus 및 Streptococcus cremoris가, Enterobacteriaceae의 경우 E. coli와 Proteus rettgeri, 분변성 Streptococci는 Sc. faecium과 S. avium이 구성 미생물(微生物)이었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1999

The relations between micorfloral compositions and environmental factors of 32 Korean infants were sought through statistical analysis after examinaton of fecal bacterial and questions to their mothers about feeding experiences at three different times for each subjects, about one week after birth, before weaning (2-3 months after birth), and after weaning 95-7 months after birth). The majority of mothers fed their infants cereal foods after the age of 4 months and began weaning with fruit juice and commercial weaning foods. Defection frequencies and fecal pH of infants decreased significantly during the examination period and 37.5% of total infants in fecal samples increased significantly during the examination period, which means that the kinds of bacterial genera increase with aging of infants. Frequencies of streptococci were significantly higher in infants fed delivered by Caesarian section than infants delived naturally. Frequencies of clostrida were significantly higher in infants fed with cerealfood before 4 months of age than after 5 months. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher frequencies of veillonella at about 1 week old. They also showed significantly higher frequencies of clostridia before weaning than the infant fed with no probiotics, but significantly lower frequencise of C. perfringens before weaning. The infants fed with probiotics showed significantly higher number of streptococci at the age of about 1 week and significantly higher numbers of total aerobes before weaning, but significantly lower numbers of bacteroides after weaning than their counter parts. The fecla pH was directly proportional to the number of clostridia, klebsiella, and total aerobes at about 1 week after birth, to the number of E. coli before weaning, and to the number of streptococci and clostridia after weaning. Fecal pH had a negative relationship to the total number of anaerobes in 1-week-old infants. The infants that had diarrhea during lactation showed higher frequencies of bacteroides before weaning than those that didn't.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제6권3_4호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1973

현재 우리나라에서 시판되고 있는 수산 건제품에 대한 위생지표 세균의 오염도를 파악하고 나아가서 식품의 위생관리에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 1970년 9일부터 12월까지 부산시 남포동 건어물 시장과 충무동 어패류 처리조합에서 건제품 21종을 수집하여 위생지표 세균인 대장균군, 분변계대장균, 분변계연쇄상구균, 장구균 및 일반생균수를 시험하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전 식품을 통하여 fecal strepococci나 enterococci는 coliform group이나 fecal coliform MPN보다 훨씬 높았다. 3, 일반적으로 enterococci MPN은 대부분 1,000이상이었으며 fecal coliform MPN은 18이하였다. 3. 대장균군의 중앙치는 78이었으며 분변계연쇄상구균은 3,300이었고 일반생균수의 중앙처는 $9.9\times10^4$이었다. 4. 일반적으로 사람의 손과 접촉이 많은 제품은 다른 제품에 비하여 세균 오염도가 높았다. 5. 해조류의 세균 오염도는 어패류나 연체류에 비하여 매우 낮았다. 6, 각 위생지표 세균과 일반 생균수 사이에는 일정한 상관관계는 없었다.