• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.539-545
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of beekeeping by-products added to drinking water on the growth performance and intestinal and fecal microflora of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. A total of 72 five-week-old ICR mice with an initial body weight (BW) of 24.57 ± 0.60 g were used in a two-week experiment. The four treatment groups were as follows; 1) CON, normal distilled water; 2) T1, CON with 0.7% beehive extract; 3) T2, CON with 0.7% propolis (PRO); and 4) T3, CON with 0.7% royal jelly (RJ). Each treatment consisted of 6 replicate cages with 3 mice per cage. At 0 - 1 week, T3 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and feed efficiency (G : F) than that of CON. Compared with CON, T2 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) BWG and feed intake at 1 - 2 weeks. During the entire period, T2 and T3 showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) BWG and G : F compared to CON. The amount of Salmonella and Lactobacillus in the large intestine was significantly decreased and increased (p < 0.05) in T2 and T3, respectively, compared to CON. The amount of Escherichia coli in the fecal matter was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to CON in all treatment groups to which beekeeping by-products were added. In conclusion, the addition of PRO or RJ to the drinking water of ICR mice had a positive effect on the growth performance and the intestinal and fecal microflora.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2000

Fecal microflora of 12 breast-fed(BF) and 15 formula-fed(FF) infants were investigated at 1 year after birth and the results were compared to those that had previously been obtained from the same subjects at 1 week after birth, and before and after weaning. At 1 year the two lactation groups showed no significant differences both in frequencies and numbers of each major bacterical species, except eubacteria, which showed higher frequency in FF infants. Bifidobacteria appeared as dominant species in 50% BF infants, heres bacteroides in 73.3% FF infants. Fecal pH was lower, though insignificant, in BF infants(6.5$\pm$0.4) than in FF infants(6.8$\pm$0.5). In BF infants, the number of bifidobacteria, clostridia, and E. coli deceased from birth up to 1 year, whereas the number of bacteroides similar trends to BF infants except that the number of bifidobacteria increased, but insignificantly. This research showed that the floral differences resulted not from the age, but from the types of feeding and that breast feeding and that breast feeding could be better than formula feeding in the BF infants had more stable floral composition and bowels with lower pH, which can play a protection role against pathogen infection.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 1990

This experiment was carried out to evaluate general characteristics of the water quality, total coliform, fecal coliform and microflora at the St. 1 to St. 3 and St. 4 to St. 7. Eighty-four water samples were collected from the 7 stations from July 1988 to April 1990 (see Fig. 1) Range and mean value of the samples were as follows water temperature 2.0-29.9$^{\circ}$C, 16.3$^{\circ}$C pH 6.86-9.08, 7.62: electrical conductivity 54.85$\mu \mho$/cm, 4.300 m$\mho$/cm, 911.93 $\mu \mho$/cm : turbidity 0.9-36 NTU, 6.8 NTU, respectively. pH and electrical conductivity at St. 4 to St. 7 were higher than those at St. 1 to St. 3, but turbidity at St. 1 to St. 2 was 7 times higher than that at Sonagdong river area. The bacterial density of the samples ranged 91-110,000/100ml for total coliform. 21-15,000/100ml for fecal coliform. Specially, the geometric mean value of the St. 3 was 11,836 / 100ml for it leveled heavy contaminaiton. Predominant species among the 3,874 strains isolated form the samples were 30.6% Enterobacteriaceae, 14.7% Acinetobacter, 9.0% Aeromonas. 8.9% Neisseria, and 7.5% Vibrio.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.388-394
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• 2005

In order to investigate the distribution of dominant Bifidobacterium species in intestinal microflora of Korean adults and seniors, SDS-PAGE profiles of whole cell proteins were used for the identification of bifidobacteria. To confirm the reliability of SDS-PAGE, the Bifidobacterium species identified by SDS-PAGE of whole cell proteins were validated by using 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The results of SDS­PAGE corresponded well with those determined by the analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing. Based on the analysis of SDS-PAGE patterns on unidentified fecal strains which showed positive in fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity, B. adolescentis, B. longum, and B. bifidum were identified in the feces of adults, and B. adolescentis, B. longum, B. bifidum, B. breve, and B. dentium were identified in those of seniors. In most of the fecal samples tested, the predominant Bifidobacterium species consisted of only a few species, and differences in the distribution and numbers of Bifidobacterium species were observed between adults and seniors. B. adolescentis and B. longum were found to be the most common species in feces of adults, but not in seniors. Accordingly, the distribution and abundance of bifidobacteria in the human intestinal microflora varied depending on the age of hosts.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.460-465
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• 1998

The effects of food restriction on the fecal microflora, moisture, pH, indole, ${\beta}$-glucosidas, and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase in rate were studied for 4 weeks. Four groups of rats for feeding was allocated to the following experimental trials : (1) control containing 1% cellulose, (2) control with food restriction, (3) treatment of diet containing butterbur, (4) treatment of butterbur combined with diet restriction. Treatment of butterbur combined food restriction significantly (p<0.05) reduced the growth of Bacteroides, Peptococus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Escherchia coli, respectively. No remarkable changes in the ${\beta}$-glucosidase and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase activities were observed but indole content significanlty decreased. Based on these results, treatment of butterbur combined with diet restriction in rats had a significantly effect for preventing the growth of those pathogenic microorganims.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.160.2-160.2
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• 2003

When ginsenoside $R_{b1}$ and $R_{b2}$ were anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, these ginsenosides were metabolized to compound K. When ginsenoside $R_{g3}$ was anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, the ginsenoside $R_{g3}$ was metabolized it to ginsenoside $R_{h2}$. Among ginsenosides, compound K and 20(S)-ginsenoside $R_h2$ exhibited the most potent cyotoxicity against tumor cells: 50% cytotoxic concentrations of compound K in the media with and without fetal bovine serum (FBS) were 27.1 - 31.6 mM and0.1 - 0.6 mM, and those of 20(S)-ginsenoside $R_h2$ were 37.5 $\rightarrow$ 50 and 0.7 - 7.1 mM mM, respectively. (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

The effect of levanheptaose produced by levanase from Streptomyces sp. 366L on principle intestinal microflora was investigated. The reaction product, levanheptaose, was used as a carbon source for various intestinal microflora. As a results, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Eubacterium limosum grew effectively in the in vitro experiment, whereas Clostridium perfringens, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus did not. Therefore levanheptaose seems to promote selectively the growth of B. adolescentis and L. acidophilus. In the in vivo experiment, the effect of levanheptaose on the growth of intestinal microflora, $\beta$-fructosidase activity, pH, and butyrate concentration were examined in rats. Apparently, the number of fecal Bifidobacteria, the amount of butyrate, and $\beta$-fructosidase activity were increased, whereas total aerobes and pH were reduced in rats fed by levanheptaose diets, compared with those of control diets. We concluded that those effects may be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal health.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.111-122
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• 1990

The growth responses of a variety of human Intestinal bacteria to extracts of Pun(1.vKy'n.ieny and five other oriental medicinal Araliaceae were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The extracts enhanced the growth of Bifidobncterilim breve and B. longum in Media with or without carbon sources, suggesting the bifid factor (5) might be involved in the phenomenon. This effect was most pronounced with water extract of p. ginseng, the growth of 27 bifidobacteria strains belonging to B. ndolexcentium, H. longlrm, and 1. breve and B. iniuntis being greatly stimurated, whereas seven B. bifidum strains and other bacteria such as clostridia and 5.fcherirhia coli had little or no ability to utilizes it (or growth. Methanol extracts of p, ginseng were found to selectively inhibit growth of various clostridia including C. perfringens and C. Paraputrificum, but this effect was not observed on other bacteria including bifidobacteria. The effect of ginseng extract intake(600 mg/day for two weeks) on the fecal microflora, pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, putrefactive products, and -glucuronidase, -glucosidase and nitroreductase activities, and on the blood components (triglyceride, total cholesterol and ammonia) were investigated using seven healthy human volunteers. The total concentration of fecal microflora including Bri'idobucterilim app. during the period of ginseng extract intake was significantly unaffected from the proceeding and sub sequent control periods. However, the frequency of occurrence of subjects having C. perfringens was significantly decreased. The fecal pH value was also significantly decreased, suggesting that the intake might increase the activity of Bifidobacterium spp. Other biochemical properties in faces did not changed significantly. The levels of ammonia and triglycerid in blood were decreased with ginseng extract intake. These results may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of P ginseng as an adaptogen.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.597-612
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soyoligosaccharides on intestinal microflora transit time lipid profiles and immune responses. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into six groups(SYS: soybean oil-sucrose SYO: soybean oil-oligo SES; esame oil-sucrose SEO:sesame oil-oligo BFS : beef tallow-sucrose BFO : beef tallow-oligo) soyoligo-groups(SYO, SEO, BEO) were fed the diet containing 5% soyoligosaccharides but control groups not fed them and all groups were fed 20% fats for 4 weeks. The number of fecal bifidobacteria tended to increase after soyoligosaccharides feeding. The significant increase was found in SEO group compared to SES in that of fecal bifidobacteria,. Stool wet weight dry fecal weight and stool water content were increased significantly in soyoligo-group(SYO, SEO, BFO) compared to control groups(SYS, SES, BFS) and gastrointestinal transit time(TT) tended to increase. Soyoligosaccharides lowered plasma cholesterol in SEO group significantly more than did other groups. soyoligo-groups(SYO, SEO, BFO) tended to decrease liver triglycerides compared to control groups. Plasma IgG concentration increased in beef tallow groups(BFS, BFO) than that in other dietary fat groups. Soyoligosaccharides and kinds of fats had effects on plasma C3 concentration and mitogenesis of the spleen cells. Soyoligosaccharides had no effects on plasma leptin and insulin concentration but kinds of fats did so that sesame groups were decreased significantly in plasma leptin concentration but increased significantly in plasma insulin concentration compared to other dietary fat groups. In conclusion dietary soyoligosaccharides changed the composition of the intestinal microflora beneficially with sesame oil and partially had effect on plasma and liver lipid profiles .(Korean J Nutrition 33(6) : 597∼612, 2000)

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary glucose oxidase (GOD), catalase (CAT), or both supplementation on reproductive performance, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in sows. Methods: A total of 104 multiparous sows were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 26) with each group given a basal diet, basal diet plus GOD at 60 U/kg, basal diet plus CAT at 75 U/kg, and basal diet plus GOD at 60 U/kg and CAT at 75 U/kg. Sows were fed the experimental diets throughout gestation and lactation. Results: Dietary GOD supplementation increased average daily feed intake of sows and litter weight at weaning (p<0.05). Dietary CAT supplementation reduced the duration of parturition, stillbirth, and piglet mortality and increased growth performance of weaned piglets (p<0.05). Dietary GOD and CAT supplementation enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and lessened oxidative stress product levels in plasma of sows and elevated antioxidant capacity of 14-day milk and plasma in weaned piglets (p<0.05). Dietary GOD supplementation increased fecal Lactobacillus counts and reduced Escherichia coli counts of sows (p<0.05). Compared with the basal diet, the GOD diet reduced fecal Escherichia coli counts of sows, but the addition of CAT did not reduce Escherichia coli counts in the GOD diet. Dietary GOD and CAT supplementation reduced the apoptosis rate of the liver, endometrium, and ovarian granulosa cells in sows (p<0.05). In the liver, uterus, and ovary of sows, the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was downregulated by dietary GOD and CAT supplementation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dietary GOD and CAT supplementation could improve the antioxidant capacity of sows and weaned piglets, and alleviate hepatic, ovarian and uterine apoptosis by weakening apoptosis-related gene expression. Glucose oxidase regulated fecal microflora of sows, but supplementation of CAT to GOD could weaken the inhibitory effect of GOD on fecal Escherichia coli.