• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.501-507
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• 2014

Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of food poisoning outbreaks in Korea. Most NoV outbreaks originate from environmental contamination, but bivalves such as oysters are also important vectors. Oyster Crassostrea gigas contamination by NoV has been reported in Korea, but no quantitative analyses of NoV have been performed. We investigated the NoV concentration in 21 oyster samples from a Korean commercial oyster-growing area with confirmed fecal contamination from January to December 2012, using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we assessed the NoV concentration after heating to investigate the effects of heat treatment on NoV-infected oysters. In NoV-positive samples, the cycle threshold (Ct) values were 37.43-39.41 and 36.77-39.30, while viral concentrations were $8.97{\times}10^2-2.24{\times}10^2$ and $3.05{\times}10^2-7.47{\times}10^1$ copies/g for genogroups I and II, respectively. After heat treatment, NoV genogroup I decreased by 83.4%, 88.0%, 89.4% and 100% at $60^{\circ}C$, $68^{\circ}C$, $70^{\circ}C$, and $100^{\circ}C$, respectively, for 15 min, while genogroup II respectively decreased by 67.3%, 76.3%, 80.1%, and 89.8% under the same conditions.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.350-358
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• 2015

이 연구는 패류가 다량으로 양식되고 있는 남해안 일부해역 해수의 세균학적 위생안전성을 평가하기 위하여 조사해역 내에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 판단되는 해수 14곳을 선정하여 2014년 3월부터 10월까지 총 6차례 조사를 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 해수는 수온이 평균 $21.2^{\circ}C$, 염분농도는 32.43‰, pH는 7.92, 용존산소는 7.83 mg/L으로 조사되어 우리나라 수질환경기준으로 볼 때 1등급으로 조사되었다. 전도도는 44,600 us/cm, 탁도는 1.93 NTU로 조사되었다. 남해안 일부 조사해역 해수의 위생학적 안전성을 조사한 결과 대장균군은 평균 < 1.8~790 MPN/100 mL, 90번째 값이 168.1 MPN/100 mL, 기하학적 평균이 12.8 MPN/100 mL으로 나타났고, 분변계대장균은 < 1.8~790 MPN/100 mL, 90번째 값이 50.5 MPN/100 mL, 기하학적 평균값이 6.5 MPN/100 mL로 조사되어 정착성 수산물 생산해역 위생관리기준 중 청정해역의 기하학적 평균 기준치인 14 MPN/100 mL를 넘지 않아 청정해역으로 나타났다. 그러나 5월과 7월에 43 MPN/100 mL를 초과하는 시료가 35.7%와 28.6%로 KSSP 기준치인 10%를 초과하여 계절에 따라서 다소 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 조사해역은 폐쇄성 내 만으로 적은 오염원에도 크게 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 계절에 따라서 철저한 해역의 관리가 요구되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.561-569
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• 2012

To evaluate the bacteriological water quality in Yongnam-Gwangdo, located in western Jinhae Bay, seawater samples were analyzed using sanitary indicator bacteria at 57 sampling stations. According to survey results from January 2007 to December 2009, the range of the geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile for coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were <1.8-16.5 and 1.8-246.8 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-7.1 and 1.8-74.8 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The samples, including those taken from stations located in Wonmunman, Gwangdo, and Dangdong, showed high levels of microbial contamination caused by the climate and weather patterns in the marine environment. The bacteriological water quality in the area met Korean criteria for a designated shellfish growing area for export and National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved shellfish growing area, except at station #49. A total of 24 direct pollution sources were discharged into the shellfish growing area. The radius of impact was calculated for each pollution source to assess the effect on the shellfish growing area. The calculated radius of impact for most of the pollution sources was below 300 m. However, the radius of impact for the combined pollution sources in Kyeonnaeryang was 93-1973 m. There were significant differences between the calculated closed sea area and actual monitoring results. The closed sea area values calculated from the fecal coliform load in drainage water tended to be higher than the actual monitoring results. Tidal currents and environmental factors such as salinity, water temperature, sunlight, and microbiological factors affect the survival of fecal indicator bacteria in seawater.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 안산천을 대상으로 하천의 비점오염원 추적조사를 하였다. 사용된 Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (MARA) 기법은 사람과 각각의 동물의 장을 통해 배출되는 분변성 미생물들이 항생제에 대한 저항 정도가 다름을 이용하여 기지의 미생물에 대해 데이터베이스를 구축하고 미지 시료에 대해 통계적 분석을 통해 오염원을 찾아내는 방법이다. 안산천 유역을 크게 상류(축산농가지역), 중류(구시가지), 그리고 하류(신시가지) 지역으로 나누어 하천 유역의 환경적인 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 통계 분석 결과, 가축, 애완 동물, 사람으로 구분한 3-Way 방법의 경우 45.8%가 가축으로 분류되어 상류 지역은 축산 농가 지역의 특성상 동물에 의한 영향이 큰 것으로 판단할 수 있었다. 중류는 구시가지 지역으로써 인간의 영향이 60% 이상으로 나타났으며, 하류 지역 역시 신시가지 지역으로 인간의 영향이 80% 이상으로 나타났다. 실제 현장 조사를 근거로 예상할 수 있었던 비점오염원과 MARA를 통한 분석 결과가 매우 일치하는 모습을 통해 비점오염원 추적을 위한 MARA기법의 유용성을 판단할 수 있었으며, 각 지역의 특성에 맞는 데이터 베이스 구축을 통해 효과적인 비점오염원의 추적이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.424-428
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• 2013

레지오넬라균에 의한 자연환경의 수체 및 각종 시설 용수의 오염도를 조사하는데 적용할 수 있는 오염도 지표를 통상적으로 측정되는 수질항목 중에서 선정하려는 목적으로, 다양한 수체에 적용된 수질항목들이 레지오넬라균 오염도와 어느 정도 유의한 상관관계를 맺는 지에 관한 메타분석을 실시하였다. 환경부의 수질관리 지침에서 레지오넬라균 오염도의 위험지수로 사용되고 있는 대장균의 경우, 총대장균군 항목과 레지오넬라균 검출여부의 교차비(odds ratio; OR)로 분석하였는데, 교차비는 1.05(0.36-3.12, 95% CI)로, 오즈의 차이가 없을 확률이 0.92에 달하였다. 또한, 총대장균군 자료는 유의한 수준의 자료간 이질성을 보였으며(P=0.008), 무작위적인 자료간 이질성이 전체 교차비 변량의 63%를 차지하였다. 종속영양세균수(HPC)의 교차비가 2.72(2.04-3.63)로 1 보다 매우 유의하게 높았고(P<0.0001), 자료간 이질성이 없었다($Q_{df=8}$=12.7, P=0.12). 탁도와 염소농도, 철과 구리 이온의 농도 등이 레지오넬라균 검출여부와 함께 조사되는 통상적 수질항목이었으나, 자료수의 부족과 정량 자료의 통일성 부족으로 적절한 메타분석이 수행 될 수 없었다. 결론적으로, 분변균의 오염도 보다, 수중 레지오넬라균 서식지(아메바와 생물막)의 양을 표현하는 종속영양세균수가 레지오넬라균의 오염도 지표로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며, 실험 방법의 표준화와 경계값을 판단하는 후속 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1983

부산시내에 산재하고 있는 70여개소의 약수터중 11개소를 선정하여 이들의 수질관리에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 1981년 10월부터 1982년 9월까지 132개 시료를 취하여 대장균군, 분편계대장균, 일반생균수 및 대장균군의 조성을 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 11개소의 대장균군 최확수의 중앙치는 구포가 93/100ml로 제일 높았고, 수영, 연산동, 성지곡이 68/100ml 우동과 대신동이 59/100ml, 전포동, 망미동은 43/100ml 영도, 동래가 33/100ml그리고 감만동이 13.3/100ml로 제일 낮았으며 이들 중 6개소가 50/100ml 이상이었다. 2. 분편계대장균 최확수의 중앙치는 영도가 12.1/100ml으로 제일 불결하였고, 수영을 비롯한 8개소는 9.1/100ml, 우동은 6.4/100ml이었으며 감만동이 제일 깨끗하였다. 3. IMViC 반응에 의한 대장균군의 조성은 Escherichia coli group이 $7.64\%$, Klebsiella aerogenes group이 $16.78\%$, Citrobacter freundii group이 $42.86\%$, 기타가 $32.72\%$로 나타났었다. 4. 일반생균수의 중앙치는 $48{\sim}4.4{\times10}^2/ml$의 넓은 분포로서 보사부(1963)의 수질기준에 절반 지역이 초과되었다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.235-244
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• 1998

Hand washing is an important component of hygiene program for food handlers. Hands can be a source of direct or indirect contamination of foods with pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the effectiveness of hand washing methods and the use of 70% alcohol solution against transient skin bacteria was tested in an university foodservice facility. 70% alcohol solution is sprayed for 5 seconds automatically when hands are placed in the dispenser. Samples were taken using swab technique in meat cutting area, vegetable trimming area, and vegetable cutting area: before and after washing hands according to planned methods, and after being sprayed with 70% alcohol solution after washing hands. The bacteriological analysis of total plate counts, coliform, fecal coliform of food handlers' hands was done. Statistical data analysis was completed with Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis model using the SPSS program. The levels of initial contamination of workers' hand were significantly different by the work areas($x^2$=9.156, p<0.01). Workers in the vegetable trimming area had more heavily soiled hands than in the other work areas. Mean of TPC counts and coliform was 8.97×$10^5$ CFU/12.4$cm^2$, 2.93×$10^2$ MPN/12.4$cm^2$ respectively, but fecal coliform was not detected. Transient bacteria were removed from hands after washing and using 70% alcohol solution but were not removed completely. Mean reduction percentage in TPC varied among work areas and ranged from 93.19% to 94.99%, and in coliforms from 97.31% to 100%. A significant difference in TPC was found between before and after hand disinfection (Z=-2.714, p<.01) and between standardized hand washing procedures and un-standardized hand washing procedures(z=-2.301, p<.01). Subjects using the hand sanitizer showed a great elimination of TPC(99.45% reduction), but this effect was valid only after following proper washing procedures. Based on the results, the most effective hand washing method was recommended as the combination of the standardized hand washing procedure with warm-water and use of the 70% alcohol solution. The results can be used to develop hand hygiene programs and training strategies for enhancing hand hygiene practices for food handlers in foodservice operations.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.47-59
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• 1989

In order to investigate the bacteriological contamination of water in Han river, the survey was carried out in eight reservoirs of Seoul water supply during the period from January to December in 1985. 1. The counts by means of total bacteria in eight reservoirs by standard plate count method were as follows: $7.7\times10^2$ per ml in Paldang reservior, $9.6\times10^3$ per ml in Gueiri, $8.4\times10^4$ per ml in Doogdo, $1.6\times10^6$ per ml in Bogwang, $2.5\times10^6$ per ml in Noryangjin, $2.2\times10^6$per ml in Seon yoo, $5.9\times10^6$ per ml in Yungdeungpo and $1.9\times10^7$per ml in Gayang. 2. The average counts of total coliform in eight reservoirs by MPN method were as follows : $2.4\times10$ per 100 ml in Paldang, $5.6\times10^2$ per 100 ml in Gueiri, $2.3\times10^3$ per 100 ml in Doogdo, $5.1\times10^4$ per 100 ml in Noryang-jin, $1.2\times10^5$ per 100 ml in Bogwang, $6.2\times10^4$ per 100 ml in Seonyoo, $1.1\times10^5$ per 100 ml in Yungdeungpo and $2.8\times10^5$ per 100 ml Gayang. 3. The counts by means of fecal coliform in eight reservoirs by MPN method were as follows : non detection per 100 ml in Paldang, 5.2 per 100 ml in Gueiri, $1.2\times10^2$ per 100 ml in Doogdo, $1.6\times10^3$ per 100ml in Bogwang, $2.0\times10^3$per 100ml in Noryangjin, $6.6\times10^2$ per 100ml in Seonyoo, $1.2\times10^3$ per 100 ml in Yungdeungpo and $2.5\times10^3$per 100 ml in Gayang. 4. The counts by means of fecal streptococci in eight reservoirs by MPN method were as follows: non detection per 100 ml in Paldang and Gueiri, $6.9\times10$ per 100 ml in Doogdo, $3.2\times10^2$ 102 per 100 ml in Bogwang, $2.9\times10^2$ per 100 ml in Noryangjin, $3.0\times10^2$ per 100 ml in Seonyoo, $4.0\times10^2$ per 100 ml in Yungdeungpo and $14\times10^3$ per 100 ml in Gayang. 5. The counts means of pseudomonas aeruginosa in eight reservoirs by MPN method were as follows; non detection per 100 ml in Paldang, 2.4 per 100 ml in Gueiri, $1.5\times10$ per 100 ml in Doogdo, $2.0\times10$ per 100ml in Bogwang,$6.2\times10$ per 100mI in Noryangjin, $2.1\times10$ per 100ml in Seonyoo, $6.4\times10$ per 100mI in Yungdeungpo and $7.1\times10$ per 100ml in Gaynag.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.118-128
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• 2005

Surface sediment samples from 31 stations in Jinhae Bay were analyzed to evaluate the pollution by sewage from the spatial distribution of the fecal sterol, coprostanol. The sums of eight sterols (coprostanol, epicholestanol, epicoprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol, brassicasterol, stigmasterol and $\beta$-sitosterol) were in the range of $2,703-27,154{\cal}ng/{\cal}g$ dry weight. The concentrations of the coprostanol in the sediments, which is a good tracer of sewage-derived organic contamination, were in the range of $76-3,964{\cal}ng/{\cal}g$ dry weight. The levels of coprostanol were much higher (almost one order of magnitude) at stations close to the big cities such as Masan and Jinhae. However, those levels were comparable to or lower than those previously reported in other foreign locations. Some ratios of coprostanol to other sterols and multivariate analysis could provide us with the information on the origin of the sterols being from sewage, plankton, and/or benthos. Those showed sewage dominance at the stations near the cities Masan and Jinhae, plankton dominance at the center of Jinhae Bay and mainly marine fauna origin at the mouth of Jinhae Bay. These results suggest that the contents of sterols and some ratios of these components are quite powerful tracer for the detection of the origin of the organic contaminants in the coastal environments.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.414-422
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• 2012

This study evaluated the effect of the inland pollution sources on the bacteriological water quality in Narodo area after rainfall events. Following 16 mm of rainfall, the water discharged from Dohwa Stream and contaminants from Balpo village had a very limited effect on bacteriological water quality in adjacent area and the affected area did not extend to the designated area. In comparion, after 33 mm of rainfall, the density of fecal coliforms at stations located in the mouth of Dohwa stream and the discharg point of contamination sources located in Balpo village were lower than after 16 mm of rainfall. These results were obtained during an extreme high tide near the coast the contaminants discharged from Dohwa stream and Balpo village. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a detailed survey to examine the dffects of tides on the diffusion characteristics of the contaminants discharged from Dohwa stream and Balpo village in order to manage of Narodo area efficiently.