• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.110-119
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• 2024

Background: The Mae Kha Canal is one of Chiang Mai's most important waterways. It supports local agriculture, irrigation, and transportation as well as provides stormwater drainage to prevent floods. Due to the unregulated rapid urbanization of the city and lack of efficient waste and wastewater management systems over the past few decades, the canal has become heavily polluted. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of Mae Kha canal through assessment of the physico-chemical water quality and coliform bacteria. Moreover, benthic macroinvertebrates were samples and assessed using the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP^Thai) and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT^Thai) as biological indices. Results: The physico-chemical showed low dissolved oxygen levels, high levels of ammonia and phosphates, and elevated levels of biochemical oxygen demand, indicating that the water quality had significantly deteriorated. The canal was found to be heavily polluted, with most sites falling into the polluted to very heavily polluted. Coliform bacteria analysis revealed alarmingly high levels of total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria in the canal. The BMWP^Thai and ASPT^Thai scores indicated poor to very poor water quality. Conclusions: The physico-chemical and coliform bacteria indicated that the water quality of the Mae Kha canal had significantly deteriorated. The biological indices also indicated the poor to very poor water quality. This study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive remediation efforts, emphasizing strategic planning, investment, and community engagement to revive the canal's ecological health and water quality.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

A Sanitary survey in an Important shellfish-growing area of Biin Bay in Seocheon-gun Korea, was conducted to evaluate bay conditions and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for areas designated for the production of shellfish for export. Seawater samples were collected monthly at 55 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2006 to December 2008. Bacteriological water quality did not change in response to a small rainfall (10.0 mm), but it increased abruptly in response to rainfall to 62.5 mm The most probable number (MPN) value for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in 1, 980 seawater samples ranged from <1.8 to >1, 600 MPN/100mL and from <1.8 to 330 MPN/100mL, respectively. The geometric mean and estimated $90^{th}$ percentile value for total coliforms ranged from 2.0 to 10.3 MPN/100mL and from 7.0 to 42.6 MPN/100mL respectively. The geometric mean and estimated percentile value for fecal coliforms ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 MPN/100mL and from 1.9 to 18.3 MPN/100mL, respectively. Accordingly, the bacteriological water quality of Biin Bay met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) and Korea Shel1fish Sanitation Program(KSSP) criteria for areas designated for shellfish production for export in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2021

Fecal contamination levels of discharge water from inland pollution sources were investigated in Iwon-myeon (Taean-gun), South Korea. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated during the investigation and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were examined to estimate their impact on the coastal environment. The ranges of total coliform and fecal coliform of 12 samples from four major inland pollution sources were 79-490,000 MPN/100 mL and 2.0-490,000 MPN/100 mL, respectively, with the highest level of fecal contamination at Station No. 3. A total of 137 strains (14 genus) were isolated, of which 86 strains (62.8%) were Enterobacteriaceae. The identified isolates were as follows: Pseudomonas spp. (35 strains), Klebsiella spp. (20 strains), Serratia spp. (20 strains), and Escherichia spp. (19 strains). The isolated Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (81.8%), followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (64.2%), ceftiofur (61.3%), and cefoxitin (59.1%). Antimicrobials in which less than 10% of isolates showed antimicrobial resistance were ciprofloxacin (3.6%) and gentamicin (2.2%). Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was observed in 121 strains (88.3%) and 84 strains (61.3%) showed a tendency for multiple antimicrobial resistance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.248-259
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Contaminated water was a major source of food-borne pathogens in various recent fresh produce-related outbreaks. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial contamination level and correlations between the level of sanitary indicator bacteria and the detection ratio of pathogens in agricultural water by logistic regression analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Agricultural water was collected from 457 sites including surface water (n=300 sites) and groundwater (n=157 sites) in South Korea from 2018 to 2020. Sanitary indicator bacteria (total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli) and food-borne pathogens (pathogenic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes) were analyzed. In surface water, the coliform, fecal coliform, and E. coli were 3.27±0.89 log CFU/100 mL, 1.90±1.19 log CFU/100 mL, and 1.39±1.26 log CFU/100 mL, respectively. For groundwater, three kinds of sanitary indicators ranged in the level from 0.09 - 0.57 log CFU/100 mL. Pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were detected from 3%-site, 1.5%- site, and 0.6%-site water samples, respectively. According to the results of correlations between the level of sanitary indicator bacteria and the detection ratio of pathogens by logistic regression analysis, the probability of pathogen detection increased individually by 1.45 and 1.34 times as each total coliform and E. coli concentration increased by 1 log CFU/100mL. The accuracy of the model was 70.4%, and sensitivity and specificity were 81.5% and 51.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicate the need to manage the microbial risk of agricultural water to enhance the safety of fresh produce. In addition, logistic regression analysis is useful to analyze the correlation between the level of sanitary indicator bacteria and the detection ratio of pathogens in agricultural water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.597-604
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc aspartic acid chelate (Zn-ASP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 25.56±2.22 kg were used in a 6-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments according to their sex and BW (8 replicates with 2 gilts and 3 barrows per replication pen). Treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet, ii) TRT1, CON+0.1% Zn-ASP, iii) TRT2, CON+0.2% Zn-ASP, and iv) TRT3, CON+0.3% Zn-ASP. Pens were assigned in a randomized complete block design to compensate for known position effects in the experimental facility. Results: In the current study, BW, average daily gain, and gain:feed ratio showed significant improvement as dietary Zn-ASP increased (p<0.05) in growing pigs. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter was increased linearly (p<0.05) in pigs fed with Zn-ASP diets. A linear effect (p<0.05) was detected for the Zn concentration in blood with the increasing levels of Zn-ASP supplementation. Lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria were affected linearly (p<0.05) in pigs fed with Zn-ASP diets. However, no significant differences were observed in the ATTD of nitrogen, energy and Zn. And dietary Zn-ASP supplementation did not affect fecal ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and total mercaptans emissions in growing pigs. Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Zn-ASP of diet exerted beneficial effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbes in growing pigs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2008

Different types of milk products, such as kwacha golla, mawa, cheese, curd, and chocolate are popular in Bangladesh. However, the microbiological safety of these products is poorly understood. This study was performed to assess the microbiological quality of kwacha golla, a local milk product. Kwacha golla samples were collected from ten different areas of Rajshahi and Kushtia regions, and the quality of the each sample was assessed using various parameters including standard plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, total fungi, and spore-forming bacteria, as well as food-borne microorganisms. Out of 300 samples, total coliform was detected at 56.66% (n= 300), exceeding the minimum allowable limit of 36.66%. Similarly, experiments were carried out with fungi and food-borne pathogens including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Results revealed 85.33, 53, and 49.33% of the samples were contaminated by fungi, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, all samples showed no contaminations of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Therefore, this study could be helpful to the people of Bangladesh by providing information on the possibility of a major health problem caused by the consumption of kwacha golla.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.534-539
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• 2013

To secure the biological safety of live fish and shellfish for raw consumption, the germicidal effects of electrolyzed seawater were evaluated. Upon direct exposure to electrolyzed seawater, coliform group bacteria were killed and decreased to undetectable levels after 1 day. The physicochemical characteristics of the seawater were stable during the test period. A byproduct of chlorine disinfection, trihalomethane, was not generated by the electrolysis of seawater. Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in a live fish was effectively resolved by electrolyzed seawater and became undetectable after 12-36 h of treatment. Bioaccumulation of coliform group and fecal coliform bacteria in live oysters Crassostrea gigas was removed within 18 h of treatment. This study demonstrated that electrolyzed seawater is an effective and safe germicidal agent for the traditional retail market and can help to prevent outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with the consumption of raw fish and shellfish.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.111-118
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritional adequacy and microbiological quality of foods served in day-care centers, and to provide basic information and guidelines for the development of computerized standardized recipes and microbiological quality control program. Assessment was conducted for four day-care certers selected from each of the four groups categorized in the basic survey. Nutritional balance and amount of consumption of the food was calculated and microbiological analysis was conducted. The results of the study showed the followings: the nutritional assessment of food served in day-care centers indicated that energy and nutrients contents of foods were below the recommended level (RDA/3), except the case of a university day-care center; the percentage of leftovers for soups and vegetables was high, but that for a la carte was low; fecal coliform was not found in any of samples, however, the number of coliform in the salted Korean radish and salad was higher than guideline for microbial acceptability; the number of coliform checked from the surface of the cutting board was higher than acceptable level in most day-care centers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.657-663
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• 2002

Probiotics have been suggested to improve gastrointestinal health in humans. To investigate the effects of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD administration on fecal microflora and putrefactive metabolites in humans, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD (4.00${\times}$10$\sub$5/ CFU/mg) was administrated to ten healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women, average age 24 years) three times a day for 2 weeks. Fecal samples were collected before (1st and 2nd weeks, control), during (3rd and 4th weeks), and 2 weeks after the administration. The fo11owing microbial groups were evaluated in the feces: aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, total lactic acid bacteria, Salmonella, Clostridium, Clostridium perfringens, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus, Coliform bacteria, Pseudomunas, and Yeast. Fecal concentrations of total aerobic bacteria (p<0.05, p<0.01, 3rd and 4th weeks), total lactic acid bacteria (p<0.01, 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks), and Bifidobacteria (p<0.05, 4th and 5th weeks) were significantly increased in all subjects, compared to the control, from the 3rd week after the administration of the products. Clostridium (p<0.01, 4th week), Clostridium perfringens (p<0.05, p<0.01, 3rd and 4th weeks), and coliform (p<0.01,5th week) were significantly reduced from the 3rd week of administration. No significant changes in the fecal concentrations of Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Staphylococcus, yeast, and total anaerobes were observed. Six weeks after the administration, the concentration of all rnicroorganlsrns returned to the basal level. Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD was significantly maintained from the 3rd week to 6th week of the study. Despite the absence of a statistical significance, the putrefactive metabolites (ammonia, indole, skatole, and $\rho$-cresol) and the pH value tended to be lower during and after the test periods than the base line. These results show that this probiotic preparation is able to colonize the intestine, and suggest that it may be useful as a beneficial probiotic in humans.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 1972

The extent of water pollution was investigated at 4 stations in Kyonggi Bay during the summer seasons in 1970 and 1971. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total hardness, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria and facel coli were examined together with the measurement of pH and transparency. The relationship between the extent of pollution and the distance from the Inchon Bay also was examined. The concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, coliform bacteria nad fecal coli were all highest at station 1, and lowest at station 4. Values were somewhat higher at low tide level in general. On the contrary, dissolved oxygen concentration was highest at station 4 and lowest at station 1. The highest and lowest values of biochemical oxygen demand were 10.88 ppm at station 1 and 0.27 ppm at station 4. The chemical oxygen demand concentrations at station 1 and 4 were 1.90 ppm and 0.63 ppm. Ammonia concnetration at station 1 was 0.43 pp, and was nearly 5 times as much as that at station 4. The values were $2.45{\times}10^{-4}$ ppm at station 1, and $6{\times}10^{-4}$ ppm at station 4. Nitrite concnetration at station 1 was $3{\times}10^{-4}$ppm and was the highest, while the lowest was $9.45{\times}10^{-5}$ ppm at station 4. Phosphate value at station 1 too was the highest and was about 4 times as much as that at station 4. Coliform bacteria were most abundant at station 1, and were counted to be 1.$1.7{\times}10^{-5}$cells/ml. At station 4, the number greatly reduced to 8 * 10$^{2}$ cells/ml. The number of fecal coli at station 1 was $2{\times}10^{-4}$ cells/ml. But at station 4, no fecal coli was detected at high tide level. At low tide level, 3 cells/ml were counted at station 4. In all of these, the highest data were obtained at low tide level, while most of the lowest value, at high tide level. Generally, values at statio 1 were 3-5 times as much as those at station 4. Concentration of dissolved oxygen at station 1 was 0.366 mg-atoms/1 and was the lowest. The highest value was 0.420 mg-atoms/1 and was recorded at station 4. The highest at station 4, which certainly were believed to be the result of the dilution by the fresh water of the Han river flowing into the Inchon Bay. As we can see from the data above, the extent of pollution was highest at station 1, the nearest from Inchon harbor, and lowest at station 4, where is the farthest, Station 1 and 2 were proved to be much polluted, but station 3 and 4, not.