• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.145-162
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• 1974

시판되는 굴, 담치, 백합 등 패류는 깨끗한 수역에서 생산되어야 한다는 것은 공중보건상 매우 중요하다. 따라서 이들 서식해역에 대한 위생상태를 평가하는 것은 패류위생관리에 있어 가장 기본적인 일이다. 본 조사는 미국 Alabama주 West Fowl River 지역에 있어 패류위생관리상 양식장의 등급분류와 관련한 굴(Crassostrea virginica) 및 그 서식수의 위생학적 성상을 알기 위하여 실시되었다. 이 연구는 미국 국제개발처(AID) 연수계획에 의하여 이루워 졌음을 밝혀 둔다. 조사지역에 있어서의 감염원은 가옥, 소업체, 가축, 물새, 야생동물 등에 의한 일반적인 발기물과 배설물로 되어 있고 특별한 하수나 공업배출물은 없었다. 이 조사는 이 지방에 있어 건조기인 10월에 실시되었으며 조사기간중의 총 강우양은 0.08mm, 평균 기온은 $21.3^{\circ}C$, 바람은 동풍이 우세하였다. 저질은 뻘로 되어 있고 저호시 평균수침은 약 1m이며 조사기관중 평균 수온은 $26.0^{\circ}C$였다. 염분은 조사지점에 따라 상이하였으며 바다로 향한 강의 흐름에 따라 증가하고 평균 염분은 $18.0\~28.7\%$의 범위에 있었다. 해수 및 굴 양자의 Coliform 함양은 Fecal coliform 보다 시종 높았으며 Coliform 및 Fecal coliform의 수는 바다로 향한 강의 흐름에 따라 점차 감소하였다. 이것은 해수의 오염은 주로 지표수의 유입에 의한다는 것을 말하고 있다. 굴의 Coliform 및 Fecal coliform MPN은 해수의 그것보다 $11\~12$배 높았다. 조사수역에 설정한 7개소 Sampling station 중 오직 Station 7만이 패류양식장 허가해역의 세균학적 수질기준에 합당하였으며 굴의 Fecal coliform MPN은 시판용 패류의 세균학적 기준을 초과하고 있었다. EC test 양성시험관에서 분리된 세균의 $97.6\%$가 E. coli group로 나타나 EC test는 Echerichie Coli 시험에 매우 효과적인 방법임을 알 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.106-111
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• 2004

Fecal coliform bacteria is one of the most common cause of water quality impairments in Virginia, USA. Instream concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) bacteria were routinely monitored to assess surface water quality of the Polecat Creek watershed. Median concentration in water samples collected from 1995 to 2000 ranged from 80 cfu/100 mL to t 70 cfu/100 mL, while geometric mean concentrations ranged from 81 cfu/100 mL to 141 cfu/100 mL. The dilution and deposition by Lake Caroline may cause to lower FC concentration at monitoring site QPB, as compared FC concentration at QPD. Higher in-stream FC concentration occurred during the summer period(June-August), and lower concentration typically occurred during the winter period (December-February). This is due to more cattle in streams, and greater survival and regrowth of FC bacteria under warmer condition. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning the water quality monitoring program to avoid the inaccurate assessment of water quality due to the timing of sample collection.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2010

The bacteriological and physiochemical analysis of sea water and sediments in Tongyeong harbor was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions. The samples were collected at 8 stations established once a month from June, 2008 to May, 2009. During the study period, the range of temperature was from 6.7 to $25.2^{\circ}C$, transparency ranged from 1.2 to 2.6 m, chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.90 to 2.92 mg/L, dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.2 to 10.5 mg/L, dissolved nitrogen ranged from 0.052 to 0.098 mg/L, phosphate ranged from 0.044 to 0.065 mg/L, respectively. Seafood, if eaten raw, carries the risk of food poisoning. Seafood poisoning is often cause by pathogenic microorganism originating from fecal contamination, such as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and norovirus. Fecal coliforms are an important indicator of fecal contamination. Therefore, data on fecal coliform are very important for evaluating the safety of fisheries in coastal areas. So, we investigated the sanitary indicate bacteria. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water in Tongyeong harbor were ranged from < 1.8~22,000/100 mL (GM 164.9 MPN/100 mL) and < 1.8~7,900 MPN/100 mL (GM 33.7 MPN/100 mL), respectively. Total coliform were detected 97.0% in 96 of samples and 68.9% of total coliforms were fecal coliforms. These results similar to another seawater detection ratio of total coloforms and fecal coliforms. The Vibrios was isolated and identified with VITEK system. Four hundred eighty strains that were obtained from sea water samples in Tongyeong harbor Detection ratio Vibrio alginolyticus, 34.2%, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 13.8%, Vibrio vulnificus 10.0%, and V. mimicus 12.5% respectively. Vibrio cholerae O1, was not detected. During the study period, the ranges of water content, ignition loss, COD, and acid volatile sulfates in sediments in Tongyeoung harbor were 41.0~57.4%, 7.8~10.5%, 6.51~9.30 mg/g, 0.04~0.09 mg/g, respectively. Heavy metals in sediment of Tongyeoung harbor were Cd, $0.10{\pm}0.05$; Cu, $4.79{\pm}8.20$; As, $1.95{\pm}0.17$; Hg, $0.10{\pm}0.07$; $Cr^{6+}$, $0.34{\pm}0.12$; Zn, $125.33{\pm}16.40$; Ni, $16.43{\pm}1.93$ mg/kg.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 1993

One hundred and eighty-seven water samples were collected from 23 of spring water, 2 of ground water, 1 of tap water in Pusan area and 3 of natural mineral waters. Total coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and microflora were investigated to evaluate water quality of drinking water. The results were as follows: range and geometric mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of spring water were 0~1,500/100 ml, 85/100 ml and 0~460/100 ml, 24/100 ml but coliform group was not detected in the samples of tap water and natural mineral water. Viable cell count of spring water, ground water and tap water were lower as 100 cell than the criteria for drinking water but that of natural mineral water was higher as 6.5X 10$^2$~7.4X 10$^3$ /ml. Predominant speces among the 219 strains isolated from the samples were 19.6% Aeromonas spp., 19.2% Enterobacteriaceae, 16% Acinetobacter spp. Especially, spring water and vessels were contaminated by Hafnia spp. and Providencia Spp, inhabitant of the oral cavity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.437-443
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic (LAP) product supplementation on the blood profile, fecal noxious gas emission, and fecal shedding of lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria in healthy adult Beagle dogs. In total, 14 Beagle dogs with an average initial body weight of 10.19 ± 0.61 kg were randomly assigned into two dietary treatments,with and without LAP supplementation, for a 28-day feeding trial. At the end of the experiment, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the concentration of serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), blood lymphocyte percentage, fecal hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and total mercaptans (R.SH) emission, and fecal coliforms counts. However, the serum concentrations of the triglyceride and fecal ammonia (NH₃) emission of the LAP treatment were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the group compared with the CON dogs. Fecal total lactic acid bacteria counts were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the LAP treatment. In conclusion, the supplementation of LAP in Beagle dog diets could decrease the blood triglyceride level and enhance the gut Lactobacillus count which may have positive effects on dogs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to investigate microbial sanitary condition of public baths in Seoul, Korea. A total of 28 water samples were collected from 14 different public baths and sudatoriums. The prevalence of fecal indicator microorganisms such as total coliform, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli was characterized. In addition, bacteria in water was membrane filtered by 0.45um nitrocellulose membrane, and the filter was analyzed by both cultivation and PCR amplification of partial 16S rRNA gene. The levels of chlorine were measured for each of water samples. More than 40% of 14 collected water samples, the concentrations of total coliform bacteria exceeded the water quality for bath water guideline. There was no significant correlation between chlorine residue and the presence of total coliform. Various microorganisms including pathogenic microorganisms were identified from cultivation and subsequent analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequences. Our results suggest that appropriate hygiene practice and continuous monitoring is needed for reducing health risk associated with public bathhouses.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.798-809
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• 2023

In this study, we evaluated the impacts of land-based pollution sources on seawater and shellfish in the Jindongman area after 20.5 mm and 90.6 mm rainfall events. We analyzed sanitary indicator microorganisms used in survey management, such as total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and male-specific coliphage in Waste water treatment plant (WWTP), major inland pollution source,s seawater, and shellfish for 4 days after rainfall events. Our results showed that the range of coliform group and fecal coliform was 1.8-49 and <1.8-4.5 MPN (most probable number)/100 mL, respectively, after rainfall events in WWTP discharge water. Furthermore, the radius of the calculated impacted area of major inland pollution sources ranged from 5 to 798 m after 20.5 mm of rainfall and 30 to 1,031 m after 90.6 mm of rainfall. The fecal coliform of seawater at 30 stations in the shellfish growing area and areas adjacent to four stations was <1.8-130 and from <1.8-79 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The E. coli level of shellfish at 7 stations in the shellfish growing area was <18-220 MPN/100 g.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1075-1081
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• 2006

In this research, mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point sources and diffuse sources in urban area were measured. Water samples were taken at domestic sewer, combined sewer overflow, effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, urban river, and sediment of an urban river. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewer estimated by assuming the first order kinetics at $20^{\circ}C$ were as follows: total coliform = 0.092/day, fecal coliform = 0.185/day, E. coli = 0.252/day, and fecal streptococci = 0.281/day. Sensitivity of mortality rates of total coliform on temperature was estimated as $K_{temp}=K_{20}{\times}1.162^{(temp-20)}$ for the range of $10-20^{\circ}C$. Mortality rates due to sunlight were measured as 1.22-1.59/day while mortality rate due to settling for 40 min were estimated as $9.21{\times}10^3-20.0{\times}10^3/day$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.627-635
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• 2006

Combined sewer overflow (CSOs) is a primary diffuse source degrading water quality of urban streams. In this study, CSOs caused by 5 different rainfall events at an urban watershed located in Daejeon city were monitored for the indicator microorganism concentrations. Event mean concentration (EMC) of the indicator microorganisms were: total coliform = $2.46{\times}10^6CFU/100mL$; fecal coliform = $1.01{\times}10^6CFU/100mL$; E.coli = $5.20{\times}10^5CFU/100mL$; and Fecal Streptococci = $6.08{\times}10^5CFU/100mL$. In addition, coliform concentrations were well correlated with suspended solid concentrations and the first flush effects were identified. Settling tests were carried out to estimate removal rate of indicator organisms by sedimentation from CSOs. As microorganisms are discharged in association with suspended solid, ten minutes of settlement can lower 44% of indicator microorganism leading.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1998

A bacteriological study of sea water in Deukryang Bay was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions of the bay and compliance of waters with the recommended bacteriological criteria for the designated area of shellfish cultivation. Sea water samples were collected at the established sampling stations (fig. 1) from May 1995 to November 1996. During the study period, coliform group, fecal coliform, classification of coliform group with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. Coliform group and feral coliform MPN's were ranged from $<\;3.0\~4600/100m{\ell}\;and\;<\;30\~1,100/100m{\ell}$, respectively. The bacteriological criteria of sea water in shellfish growing area should be less than 70 per l00ml of sea water for median value of coliform MPN, and below $10\%$ of the samples which contain over than 230 for coliform MPN or over than 43 for fecal coliform MPN, Most of the waters from 26 sampling stations were complied water coliform criteria recommended for designated shellfish growing area. Then, the ratios of the samples with move than 230/10ml of coliform group MPN and more than 43/100ml of fecal coliform MPN were $7.4\%$ and $8.5\%$, respectively. The bacterial density of the sea water was deeply affected by rainfall amount. For example, coliform bacterial counts of sea watery after 48 hours from 93 mm rainfall were $6\~7$ times higher than those of without rainfall. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella sp. an d Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were $15\~20\%$ in summer months.