• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2005

This trial was carried out to determine effects of organic feeds in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats. Twelve Korean native goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet (A) as a control group and three organic feed groups (B: organic rice straw, C: organic nee leaves, D: organic mixture of rice straw and tree leaves). The A treatment, conventional diet, consisted of common rice straw and commercial concentrates at a proportion of 60 and 40%, respectively. All ingredients of organic feeds treatments were organically produced-agricultural products without any application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Four experimental diets were formulated to have the same ratio of forage to concentrate and similar contents for protein and carbohydrate across treatments and they were offered to goats ad libitum. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention were investigated. For chemical compositions of experimental diets, all nutrients except crude ash and ether extract were not significantly different across treatments as we expected. Crude ash content was highest in the A treatment (P<0.05), however, it was not significantly different among organic feeds treatments. Ether extract content was higher (P<0.05) in C and D treatments than in A and B. Even if dry matter intakes for organic feeds treatments were not significantly different among them, they were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with conventional diet. Fecal excreta were not significantly different across treatments, resulting in significantly higher digestible dry matter (g/day) in treatments of organic feeds (P<0.01). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were more increased (P<0.01) in treatments of organic feeds compared with conventional diet. Digestibilities for most of nutrients except NFC had the same trend as ADG and FE, however, NFC digestibilities for C and D treatments were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of A and B. Nitrogen intakes for organic feeds treatments were significantly higher (P<0.001) than conventional diet, with no difference among organic feeds treatments. Fecal nitrogen loss was higher (P<0.05) for C and D treatments than for A and B. Retained nitrogen contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) for organic feeds treatments than for conventional diet, but nitrogen retention rate did not show any difference across treatments. The results showed that organic feed supplementation more improved feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in comparison with conventional diet, and thus they could be concluded that organic feeds might contribute to animal performance and a safer production of animal product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1067-1075
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• 2007

Twenty eight 3-4 month old castrated Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus) were used to determine the effects of source and level of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on their performance and nutrient utilization. Cu was supplemented (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg diet DM) as copper sulfate ($CuSO_4$, $5H_2O$) or copper proteinate (Cu-P). Kids were fed a basal diet containing maize (19.5%), soybean (17.0%), deoiled rice bran (56.5%), molasses (4.0%), di-calcium phosphate and salt (1.0% each) and mineral and vitamin mixture (0.5% each) supplements at 3.5% of body weight to meet NRC (1981) requirements for protein, energy, macro minerals and micro minerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5.7 mg Cu/kg, 122.5 mg Fe/kg, 110 mg Zn/kg, 0.26 mg Mo/kg and 0.32% S. $CuSO_4$ or Cu-P was added to the basal diet at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. Kids were housed in a well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding in aluminum plated metabolic cages. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 0, 30, 60 and 90 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase and aspertate transferase). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that source and level of Cu supplementation improved live weight gain (p<0.04) and average daily gain (p<0.01). No significant contribution of source and level of Cu to alter serum serum enzymes was evident. Goats fed Cu-P tended to have higher Hb, PCV and TEC than with $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Cu-P increased digestibility of ether extract (EE, p<0.02) and crude fiber (p<0.05) and showed an increasing trend (p<0.09) for digested crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Supplemental dose of Cu linearly improved (p<0.02) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE and nitrogen free extract (NFE). Though the absorption of nitrogen (N) was not affected (p>0.10) by both source and dose of Cu, N retention was affected (p<0.04) and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction (p<0.05). Final body weight (BW) was not influenced (p>0.10) by the source of Cu but increasing dose of Cu increased (p<0.04) the BW of kids. TDN intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was higher (p<0.05) with the increased dose of Cu and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction. It was concluded that supplementation of Cu from different sources and varying dose level in a concentrate based diet may improve performance, nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in castrated Black Bengal kids. The effects on performance and nutrient utilization are more pronounced with Cu-P than $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Higher dose of Cu showed better result than lower dose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to investigate a supplemental effect of magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, $MgHPO_4$) as an alternative phosphorus (P) source on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus) in comparison with three conventional P additives (monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and tricalcium phosphate [TCP]) as positive controls. A basal diet as a negative control was prepared without P supplementation and four supplemental P sources were added at the level of 2%. Five groups of 450 fish having mean body weight of 11.3 g following 24 h fasting after three week adaptation period were randomly distributed into each of 15 tanks (30 fish/tank). Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiety twice a day for 8 weeks. Fish fed MHP had weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate comparable to those fed MCP. Fish fed MHP and MCP had feed efficiency (FE) significantly higher (p<0.05) than those fed DCP. Fish groups fed control and TCP showed the lower FE than the other groups which was significantly different (p<0.05) from those of fish fed the other diets. Survival rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. Fish fed control had the lowest hematocrit, which was significantly different (p<0.05) from that of fish fed MHP. Fish fed MCP and MHP had plasma P higher (p<0.05) than fish fed the other diets. Relative efficiencies of MCP, DCP and TCP to MHP were found to be 100.5 and 101.3%, 92.0 and 91.6%, and 79.1 and 80.9% for WG and FE, respectively. P availability was determined to be 88.1%, 75.2%, 8.7%, and 90.9% for MCP, DCP, TCP, and MHP, respectively. Consequently, MHP recovered from wastewater stream showed that as an alternative P source its performance was comparative with MCP on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2003

An effort was made to assess comparative production performance in broiler chickens fed diets containing solvent extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) processed from BT and Parental Non-BT lines. Processed meal of national check and commercial produce cottonseeds were also used for comparison. The free gossypol contents were 0.02, 0.02, 0.44 and 0.03% in meals of BT, Parental Non-BT, national check and commercial produce cottonseeds, respectively. Day-old broiler chicks (n=243) were divided to 27 groups of 9 each. Nine dietary treatments (iso-nitrogenous, 23% CP and iso-caloric, 2,800 kcal ME/kg) were formulated viz., D1 (control, soybean meal-SBM based), D2 and D3 (BT CSM at 10% of diet with and without additional iron), D4 and D5 (non-BT CSM with and without additional iron), D6 and D7 (national check CSM with or without additional iron), and D8 and D9 (commercial produce CSM with or without additional iron at 2 ppm for every 1 ppm of free gossypol, respectively). Each dietary treatment was offered to three replicated groups up to 6 weeks of age. At the end of 6 weeks of age, 10 birds were taken out randomly from each treatment and were sacrificed to study carcass traits, organs' yield and histo-pathological changes in vital organs. The broiler chickens received CSM processed from BT (D2, 1,753 g and D3, 1,638 g) and Parental Non-BT (D4, 1,653 g and D5, 1,687 g) with or without additional Fe grew at same rate as observed in soybean meal (solvent ext.) based diet (D1, 1,676 g). The feed intake and feed conversion efficiency (feed: gain) in these dietary treatments (BT, non-BT line based diets) also did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from control diet. Similar observation was also observed in dietary treatments (D8 and D9) containing solvent extracted cottonseed meal of commercial produce origin. However, a decrease (p<0.05) in body weight gain and feed intake was observed in D6 containing national check CSM with high gossypol content. Addition of Fe in the diet (D7) improved (p<0.05) feed intake and weight gain but not to the extent as observed in diets containing BT, parental non-BT, and commercial produce CSM or control. However, any type of CSM did not affect feed conversion efficiency when fed with or without additional iron. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, liver weight and heart weight was not significantly (p>0.05) different between the treatments. The eviscerated yields emanated from diets containing either BT, non-BT or commercial produce were statistically similar to control. However, eviscerated yield of broilers fed national check CSM with or without iron supplementation was lower (p<0.05) than BT cotton with Fe supplementation and commercial produce CSM. The study envisaged that BT, parental non-BT and commercial produce solvent extracted cottonseed meal can be included at 10% in soybean meal based broiler diet replacing soybean meal and rice bran without additional iron.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.255-260
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• 1997

어분이 65% 첨가된 사료에 P와 Fe의 보충 효과를 조사하기 위해 인산염($KH_2PO_4$)을 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% 및 4% 첨가한 사료와 철 (Fe-citrate)을 0.022%, 0.044%, 0.066% 및 0.088% 첨가한 실험사료를 설계, 제조하여 조피볼락 치어 (평균 체중 7 g)를 각 수조 ($100\ell$)에 40마리씩 2반복으로 수용하여 각각 21주간 사육실험하였다. 사육실험 결과, 증체율, 사료효율, 영양소축적율, 혈액성상 사료의 P 첨가량에 따른 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았다(P>0.05). 조지방의 경우는 사료의 P 함량이 높을수록 감소하여 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였다(P<0.05). Fe 보충효과 실험에서, 증체율, 사료효율, 영양소축적율, 혈액성상 및 전어체의 일반성분은 Fe를 보충하여도 개선되지 않았으며, 성장률은 오히려 Fe 첨가량이 높은 실험구에서 저하되는 현상을 보였다. 따라서 조피볼락 사료에 어분이 65% 배합될 경우에는 별도의 P와 Fe 첨가는 필요 없을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 철 강화제가 첨가된 사료를 산란계에 적용하여 생산성 및 계란의 화학적 조성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 사양시험은 30주령 갈색 테트란 산란계 198수를 공시하였으며, 시험사료는 NRC(1994)의 산란계 영양소 요구량에 맞추어 기초사료를 배합하고, 황산 제 1철(FeSO$_4$$.$ 7$H_2O$: FE)을 사용하여 사양표준 권장량인 Fe 45 mg/kg을 첨가한 대조구 (FE-45), Fe 90mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled2 (FE-90), Fe 180mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled3 (FE-180), Saccharomyces cerevisiae R100 (yeast mutant ; YM, 철 함량 200mg/kg)을 대조구의 철 함량 기준으로 45mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled4 (YM-45), 90mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled5 (YM-90), 180mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled6 (YM-180), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2805-a7 TYFHLAG-1 (ferritin containing yeast ; YF, 철 함량 500mg/kg)을 대조구의 철 함량 기준으로 45mg/kg 첨가한 처리각 \circled7 (YF-45), 90mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled8 (YF-90) 및 180mg/kg 첨가한 처리구 \circled9 (YF-180)로 한 총 9처리구 4반복, 반복당 6수씩 임의배치하여 7주간 사양시험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 산란율은 YF-180 처리구가 가장 높았으며, 대조구(FE-45)가 가장 낮게 나타나 처리구간의 유의차를 보였다 (P＜0.05). 난중과 산란량은 YF-180 처리구에서 FE-90 처리구 및 대조구(FE-45)와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(P＜0.05). 사료요구율은 YM-90 처리구가 가장 높았고, YF-45 처리구가 가장 낮았으며, 처리구간에도 유의차를 보였다 (P＜0.05). 난각두께는 YF-180 처리구가 가장 두꺼웠으며, FE-90 처리구에서 가장 얇게 나타나 처리구간의 유의차를 보였다(P＜0.05). 난각 강도는 YM-45 처리구가 가장 강했으며, YM-45 처리구가 가장 약해서 처리구간의 유의차를 보였다(P＜0.05). 난황 cholesterol은 대조구(FE-45)가 가장 높았으며, YF-45 처리구가 가장 낮게 나타나 처리구간의 유의적 차이를 보였다(P＜0.05). 결론적으로, 유기철을 산란계용 사료에 첨가하였을 경우, 산란계의 생산성을 향상시키며, 계란의 화학적 조성을 개선시키는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2012

In this study, we produced iron-fortified yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) producing Sus scrofa ferritin heavy-chain to provide iron supplementation in anemic piglets. We determined whether iron-ferritin accumulated in recombinant yeasts could improve iron deficiency in mice. C57BL/6 male mice exposed to Fe-deficient diet for 2 weeks were given a single dose of ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS), ferritin-producing recombinant yeast (APO), or APO reacted with iron ($Fe^{2+}$) (FER). The bioavailability of recombinant yeasts was examined by measuring body weight gain, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value 1 week later. In addition, ferritin protein levels were evaluated by western blot analysis and iron stores in tissues were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. We found that anemic mice treated with FER exhibited increased levels of ferritin heavy-chain in spleen and liver. Consistently, this treatment restored the iron concentration in these tissues. In addition, this treatment significantly increased hemoglobin value and the hematocrit ratio. Furthermore, FER treatment significantly enhanced body weight gain. These results suggest that the iron-fortified recombinant yeast strain is bioavailable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.216-227
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• 1983

As an attempt to improve the nutritional status of Korean rural pre-school children, anthropometry, clinical examination, and hematological parameters(Hb, Ht, and serum albumin) are measured. Six kinds of diet supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 20.0 mg Fe(as ferrous sulfate) were used for 10 weeks. Subjects were 349 pre- school children aged from 1 to 5 years old living in An-gam-my-on and Bong-dang-myon, Hwa-seung-goo, Kyong-gi-duo, and the supplementary diet was a product of the Model Nutritional Enterprise Factory in Wuen-sueng-goon, Gang-won- duo. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Physical development of subject children were within normal range during the feeding trial period of 9 weeks. 2) From the results of clinical examination, no children showed nutritional deficiency signs. 3) Iron free supplementary diet group( control group ) among other subject children also showed some improvement of hemoglobin level ana frequency of anemia. 4) The amount of iron fortified as supplemental diet was effective in 5.0-7.5 mg Fe per child per day, no further effect was observed by adding of more iron. 5) The values of hematocrit and serum albumin also improved by providing the supplementary diet.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1995

P. spiculispoTum으로부터 생산되는 미생물계변활 성제인 S-acid의 전구체인 O-acid 생산에 영향을 주는 인자들을 검토하고 포도탕 유가배양을 통해 최 척생산조건을 조사하였다. 탄소원으로 oil 등은 별 영향을 마치지 않았고 포도당이 O-acid 생산에 적절 한 탄소원이였으며 무기질소원으로는 $NH_4NO_3$가 높은 O-acid 생산량을 보였다. 미량원소인 $CaCl_2, FeSO_4$등의 첨가에 의해 약 20% 정도의 O-acid가 증가되었으며 용존산소는 포화에 가깡게 유지한 경 우 생산량은 40% 증가되였다. 배양 중 포도당농도는 $50g/\ell$로 유지하는 것이 최적이었으며 Fermentor 에서 포도당의 유가식공급에 의한 경우, 회분식에 비하여 약 60% 의 O-acid 생산증가를 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1385-1392
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• 2009

This work evaluates the effect of different amino acids on production of Cyclosporin (CyA) production in solid-state fermentation that was previously optimized for different fermentation parameters by one factor at-a-time for the maximum production of CyA by Tolypocladium inflatum MTCC557. Based on the Plackett-Burman design, glycerol, ammonium sulfate, $FeCl_3$, and inoculum size were selected for further optimization by response surface methodology (RSM). After identifying effective nutrients, RSM was used to develop mathematical model equations, study responses, and establish the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients for higher CyA production. It was observed that supplementation of medium containing (% w/w) glycerol, 1.53; ammonium sulfate, 0.95; $FeCl_3$, 0.18; and inoculum size 6.4 ml/5g yielded a maximum of 7,106 mg/kg as compared with 6,480 mg CyA/kg substrate using one factor at-a-time. In the second step, the effect of amino acids on the production of CyA was studied. Addition of $_L$-valine and $_L$-leucine in combination after 20 h of fermentation resulted in maximum production of 8,166 mg/kg.