• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2000

The rate of apparent nitric oxide (NO) release, as measured in the exhaust gas of green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus, depended on the light intensity and pH. It doubled after lowering the temperature from $25^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}15^{\circ}C$ and strongly decreased from $35^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}42^{\circ}C$. The Scenedesmus cells, deficient in nitrogen or phosphorus, demonstrated a significant increase in NO production following their transfer to nitrate- and phosphate-rich media. The addition of herbicides (DCMU and glyphosate) or toxic concentrations of $Cu^{2+}{\;}or{\;}Fe^{3+}$ produced strong NO peaks, resembling those that occurred after sudden darkening. An increase in the $Ni^{2+}$ concentration to 20 ppm resulted in a gradual increase of NO release from the initial ~1.5 ppbv to>20 ppbv, whereas $Cd^{2+}$ instantaneously suppressed the NO by the cultures of Scenedesmus was not altered by L-NNA, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), or by its substrate, L-arginine. This seems to exclude the role of NOS in the NO formation under study. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the rate of NO formation is mainly a function of dynamic nitrite pool sizes and environmental factors significantly affect the NO production in algae.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.125-129
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• 1994

A field survey was carried out in Korea to assess the mineral composition of rice straw since it is a cheap and available cattle feedstuff. Forage and soil samples were collected in 4 localities in the Kyongbuk province. Soil analysis were also carried out in order to establish the relationships between soil composition and mineral content in the rice straw. Based on NRC tables, the rice straw samples provided adequate amounts of Mg, Ca, K, S, Mo, Mn and Zn. Percentages of samples deficient in P, Na, Cu and Se were 83, 50, 67 and 83 respectively. Soil samples, whose mean pH was 5.8 and mean organic matter content was 3.99%, were comparatively acidic and had high organic matter content. They also had high amounts of extractable Fe and Mn. Correlation coefficients between mineral content in soil and rice straw were low, i.e., 0.42 for Me (p < 0.05), and 0.37 for Mo (p < 0.05). The low or nonexistent correlation between soil and forage composition indicates the difficulty of establishing appropriate methods of mineral availability to the plants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.136-146
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• 2011

This study provides first-hand proteomic data on the survival strategy of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 when subjected to long-term iron-starvation conditions. 2D-gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of iron-deficient Anabaena revealed significant and reproducible alterations in ten proteins, of which six are associated with photosynthesis and respiration, three with the antioxidative defense system, and the last, hypothetical protein all1861, conceivably connected with iron homeostasis. Iron-starved Anabaena registered a reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigments, PSI, PSII, whole-chain electron transport, carbon and nitrogen fixation, and ATP and NADPH content. The kinetics of hypothetical protein all1861 expression, with no change in expression until day 3, maximum expression on the $7^{th}$ day, and a decline in expression from the $15^{th}$ day onward, coupled with in silico analysis, suggested its role in iron sequestration and homeostasis. Interestingly, the up-regulated FBP-aldolase, Mn/Fe-SOD, and all1861 all appear to assist the survival of Anabeana subjected to iron-starvation conditions. Furthermore, the $N_2$-fixation capabilities of the iron-starved Anabaena encourage us to recommend its application as a biofertilizer, particularly in iron-limited paddy soils.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2011

This study was conducted to find associations of stress with obesity in female college students in Gwangju. 343 subjects were divided into two groups based on BMI(body mass index). BMI of normal group was $19.3{\pm}1.5$ while that of obese group was $26.4{\pm}3.6$. The measured stress level in obese subjects was higher and they were less capable of controlling obese oriented attitude compared to normal subject. Twenty four hour dietary recall revealed that nutrient intakes of obese subjects were higher in energy, lipid, P and cholesterol. However, they were more deficient in Ca, Fe and vitamin A, compared to those of normal ones. This study suggested severe stress might trigger undesirable dietary behavior leading to increase in food consumption which contribute to obesity. Effective nutrition education program targeting obese female students should be developed and implemented to relieve stress and practice desirable dietary behavior and eating pattern.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.463-481
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• 2022

Phosphorous (P) is considered to be one of the key essential elements demanded by crop plants. Approximately 70 - 90% of phosphatic fertilizers applied to crops are fixed in soil as Ca, Fe, and Al metal cations, which are insoluble and thus not readily available for plant uptake. Therefore, most soils are deficient in plant available P. This is usually rectified by applying phosphate fertilizers continuously, although this is not economically viable or environmentally acceptable. The present paper reviews the mechanisms involved with phosphate solubilization and mineralization by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) with the associated factors that determine the success. PSMs are effectively involved in mediating the bioavailability of soil P. Their contribution includes mineralization of organic P solubilization of inorganic P minerals, and storing sizable amounts of P in biomass through different mechanisms such as the production of organic and inorganic acids, H₂S, siderophores, exopolysaccharides, and production of enzymes such as phosphatases, phytase, and phosphonatases/C-P lyases, which are capable of chelating the metal ions, forming complexes, and making plant available P. PSMs manifest a wide range of metabolic functions in different environments, resulting in significantly higher plant growth, enhanced soil properties, and increased biological activities. Therefore, development of bio-inoculants with efficient novel PSM strains and further investigations on exploring such strains from diverse ecological niches with multifunctional plant-growth-promoting traits are needed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.278-286
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• 2003

본 연구는 에탄올을 급여하는 동안 일어나는 지질과산화에 의한 간 손상과 이에 대하여 $\beta$-carotene, retinyl acetate, 13-cis-retinoic acid의 효과를 비교ㆍ검토하고자 실시되었다. 혈 장내 MDA 함량은 에탄올 급여군 중 비타민 A를 결핍시킨 FE군과 $\beta$-carotene을 공급한 DE군에서는 감소되지 않았으나, retinyl acetate와 13-cis-retinoic acid 공급시킨 RE군과 RAE군에서 감소되었다. 간 미토콘드리아내 MDA함량은 에탄을 급여군 중 FE군과 $\beta$E군에서 높은 함량을 보인데 반해 RE군과 RAE군에서는 낮은 수준을 보였다. 에탄올 비급여군인 pair-fed군중에서는 비타민 A를 결핍시킨 FP 군에 비해 $\beta$-carotene과 retinyl acetate를 각각 공급한 5P와 RP군의 MDA 함량은 감소하였는데 반해 retinoic acid를 공급한 RAP군의 MPA 수준은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈장내 AP 활성도는 에탄올과 함께 $\beta$-carotene과 retinoic acid를 공급시킨 군에서 각각의 pair-fed군에 비하여 높은 활성도를 보였으며 간 마이크로솜내 G6P 활성도는 에탄올 급여군 중 비타민 A 결핍군만 pair-fed군에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었으며 비타민 A를 보충시켰을 때에는 활성도가 증가되었다. 간 사이토졸내 SOD 활성도는 에탄을 급여와 함께 비타민 A를 결핍시킨 군에 비해 13-ciz-retinoic acid을 공급시킨 군이 가장 높았으며 Pair-fed 군 중에서는 retiny acetate 공급군에서 가장 낮은 높은 활성도를 보였다. 간 사이토졸내 GSH-Px 활성도는 에탄올 급여군과 pair-fed 군 사이에 일정한 경향은 없었으며 간 사이토졸네 GST 활성도는 에탄올 급여군 중 $\beta$-carotene과 retinyl acetate 공급군이 각각의 pair-fed군에 비해 증가되었다. 간조직내 $\beta$-carotene함량은 $\beta$-carotene, 공급군에서만 검출되었고 에탄을 급여군이 pair-fed군에 비해 6배정도 높은 함량을 보였으며 혈장과 간조직 내 retinol 함량은 에탄올 급여로 낮은 함량을 보였으나 비타민 A형태 중 retinyl acetate 공급군이 가장 높았다. 간조직 내 retinoic acid 함량은 에탄을 급여군 중 $\beta$-carotene과 retinyl acetate 공급군이 각각의 Pair-fed 군에 비해 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 상기 연구 결과를 보면 에탄올 급여로 지질과 산화물 함량이 증가되고 관련 항산화 효소계의 활성도 변화로 보아 간 손상에 지질과산화 반응이 관여된 것으로 보여 지며 에탄올의 영향에 대한 비타민 A의 효과에는 retiny1 acetate가 항산화제로 작용하여 간조직의 급격한 손상을 효율적으로 경감시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.252-262
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate dietary supplemental trace mineral source and deletion on mineral content in tissues. Methods: Weanling crossbred pigs (n = 144; 72 barrows and 72 gilts; body weight [BW] = $7.4{\pm}1.05kg$) were used. A basal diet was prepared, and trace mineral premix containing either inorganic (ITM) or organic (OTM) trace minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) was added to the basal diet. Pigs were blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to 24 pens for a total of 6 pigs per pen, and fed a diet containing either ITM or OTM supplemented at the 1998 NRC requirement estimates for each of 5 BW phases (Phase I to V) from 7 to 120 kg. The trace mineral supplementation was deleted for 6, 4, 2, and 0 wk of Phase V; regarding nutrient adequacy during this phase, the indigenous dietary Fe and Mn was sufficient, Cu was marginal and Zn was deficient. Results: At the end of Phase IV, Mn content (mg/kg on the dry matter basis) was greater (p<0.05) in heart (0.77 vs 0.68), kidney (6.32 vs 5.87), liver (9.46 vs 8.30), and longissimus dorsi (LD; 0.30 vs 0.23) of pigs fed OTM. The pigs fed OTM were greater (p<0.05) in LD Cu (2.12 vs 1.89) and Fe (21.75 vs 19.40) and metacarpal bone Zn (141.86 vs 130.05). At the end of Phase V, increased length of deletion period (from 0 to 6 wk) resulted in a decrease (linear, p<0.01) in liver Zn (196.5 to 121.8), metacarpal bone Zn (146.6 to 86.2) and an increase (linear, p<0.01) in heart Mn (0.70 to 1.08), liver Mn (7.74 to 12.96), and kidney Mn (5.58 to 7.56). The only mineral source by deletion period interaction (p<0.05) was observed in LD Zn. Conclusion: The results demonstrated differential effects of mineral deletion on tissue mineral content depending on both mineral assessed and source of the mineral.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.199-218
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• 1986

울산(蔚山)의 철 중석 스카른광상에서 산출되는 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)은 그의 산출상태(産出狀態) 광물공생관계(鑛物共生關係) 화학조성(化學組成)을 근거로 세 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) I 은 다금속광화작용(多金屬鑛化作用) 초기에 정출된 것으로 주로 스카른대 내에서 산점상으로 분포하며, Ni-Fe-Co계 유화물과 밀접한 공생관계를 보여준다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) I 의 화학조성은 Ni, Co의 함량이 현저하게 높고 As/S(원자비(原子比))>1으로 과잉(過剩)의 비소를 함유한다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II는 Cu 또는 As 광석중에서 산출되며, 비독사석 휘창연석 비스무스 황동석 섬아연석과 밀접한 공생관계를 보여준다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II의 화학조성은 Ni, Co의 함량이 극히 미량이며, As/S>1으로 과잉(過剩)의 비소를 함유한다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) III은 최후기 열수광맥 형성시기에 정출되었으며, 황철석 방연석 섬아연석 자류철석과 밀접한 공생관계(共生關係)를 보여준다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) III의 화학조성(化學組成)은 $$As/S1{\leq_-}1$$로 과잉(過剩)의 S를 함유한다. 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) I 은 Ni, Co의 함유량이 1%이상이므로 지질온도계(地質溫度計)로 사용할 수 없지만, 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II 는 비스무스-휘창연석의 공생관계(共生關係)를 보여 주고 있으므로, 이를 Kretschmar and Scott (1976)에 의한 $1/T-f(S_2)$도에 적용시켜보면 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) II의 정출환경은 $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$이고, 유비철석(硫砒鐵石) III의 정출환경은 $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$으로 추정된다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2015

본 논문은 되먹임 집합 문제인 무방향 그래프의 정점과 간선, 방향 그래프의 노드와 호 문제들 중 간선 문제에 한정한 최소 원소개수 되먹임 간선 집합과 최소 가중치 되먹임 간선 집합 문제의 최적 해를 다항시간으로 얻는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 그래프의 간선 집합은 최대신장트리 간선 집합과 최소 되먹임 간선집합의 합이 되는 특성을 적용하였다. 즉, 최소 되먹임 간선집합은 최대신장트리 간선 집합의 여집합인 특성이 있다. 제안된 알고리즘은 최소신장트리를 얻는 Kruskal 알고리즘을 변형시켜 간선들의 가중치를 내림차순으로 정렬시켜 사이클이 발생하지 않는 간선은 최대신장트리 간선 집합 MXST로, 사이클이 발생하는 간선은 되먹임 간선 집합 FES로 양분하는 방법으로 최적 해를 얻었다. 제안된 알고리즘은 그래프의 간선 수 만큼 수행하는 선형시간 복잡도를 갖는 특징이 있다. 간선 가중치가 없는 경우와 가중치가 있는 다양한 무방향 그래프에 제안된 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 100% 쉽게 최적 해를 얻는데 성공하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2007

Ginseng powerfully tonifies the original Qi. Ginseng used for insomnia, palpitations with anxiety, restlessness from deficient Qi and blood and mental disorientation. In order to investigate whether Ginseng cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal and cognitive impairments, we examined the effect of Ginseng on ischemia-induced cell death in the hippocampus, and on the impaired learning and memory in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance in rats. Ginseng when administered to rat at a dose of 200 mg/kg i.p. water extracts to 0 minutes and 90 minutes after 4-VO, significantly neuroprotective effects by 86.4% in the hippocampus of treated rats. For behavior test, rats were administered Ginseng (200mg/kg p.o.) daily for two weeks, followed by their training to the tasks. Treatment with Ginseng produced a marked improvement in escape latency to find the platform in the Morris water maze. Ginseng reduced the ischemia-induced learning disability in the passive avoidance. Consistent with behavioral data, treatments with Ginseng reduced jschemia-induced cell death in the hippocampal CA1 area. Oxidative stress is a causal factor in the neuropathogenesis of ischemic-reperfusion injury. Oxidative stress was examined in a rat model of global brain ischemia. The effects of Ginseng on lipid peroxidation (inhibition of the production of malondialdehyde, MDA) in different regions of the rat brain were studied. Ferrous sulfate and ascorbic acid (FeAs) were used to induce lipid peroxidation. The antiperoxidative effect showed 48-72% protection from tissue damage as compared with untreated animals. These results showed that Ginseng have a protective effect against ischemia-induced neuronal loss and learning and memory damage.