• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2015

The feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of one experimental diet (EDP) and five different commercial diets (CEPs) on growth and body composition for juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. An EDP was formulated to contain 50% crude protein (CP) from fishmeal, casein, zein and wheat flour and 15% crude lipid (CL) from squid liver oil. Five CEPs for seawater fish were two domestic E commercial diet (DECD) and C commercial diet (DCCD), three imported H commercial diet (IHCD), L commercial diet (ILCD) and O commercial diet (IOCD) containing 53.1~66.6% CP and 10.7~14.6% CL, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile parrot fish initially weighing $1.14{\pm}.01g/fish$ (mean${\pm}$SD) in a flow-through seawater system with a water temperature of $19.0{\sim}25.0^{\circ}C$. Weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) were significantly greatest in fish fed the DCCD and IOCD; intermediate responses were observed for fish fed the ILCD, while the IECD, IHCD, and the EDP produced the lowest WG and FE values. Survival with no significant difference approached 100% for fish fed the all six diets in this experiment. Whole-body moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents were not affected by the different type of diets. Therefore, type of diets appeared to be important factor in influencing WG and FE of juvenile parrot fish; the best diets for juvenile parrot fish was determined to be the domestic commercial C and the imported commercial O diets containing high protein (61.3, 66.6%) and lipid (14.6, 13.0%) in natural seawater based on highest WG, and FE, respectively. This study indicates that the two commercially formulated diets containing two highest proteins and lipids used in this experiment could be practical diets for juvenile parrot fish; these differences of growth performance between experimental diet and commercial diets may be reason for different dietary protein and lipid levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1492-1498
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• 2009

In the dermis, fibroblast plays an important role in the turnover of the dermal extracellular matrix. Collagen I and III, which are the most important dermal proteins of the extracellular matrix, function as a stabilizing scaffold of dermal connective tissues, as well as a regulator of differentiation and migration of dermal cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of various nutrients, such as ascorbic acid, silicon, Fe, lysine and proline which function as cofactors or building blocks on collagen synthesis. When the physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid (0-100 ${\mu}M$), silicon (0-50 ${\mu}M$), Fe (0-50 ${\mu}M$), lysine (0-150 ${\mu}M$) and proline (0-300 ${\mu}M$) were treated at HS27 for either 3 or 5 days, 5 day treatment of ascorbic acid at the low concentration (5-10 ${\mu}M$) increased the expression of collagen I and III protein by 115-1300% without increasing cell proliferation. 3 or 5 days treatment of Fe increased the expression of collagen I and III proteins up to 323% in parallel with cell proliferation by 164%. However, cell proliferation and expression of collagen I and III protein in silicon treated HS27 did not differ. Proline and lysine only increased cell proliferation up to 247.9%. Taken together, we demonstrate that the physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid and Fe enhance the expression of collagen I and III protein for treatment of 3 or 5 days.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.267-271
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• 1983

The southern parts varieties have shown higher content of Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Vitamin A, Alcaloid, Ca, P and Fe than northern parts Varieties. The $N.\;P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O content of narrow leaf were higher than wide leaf, on the other hand the Ca, Mg, Fe and $SiO_2$ content of wide leaf were higher than narrow leaf. The content of $N, \;P_2O_5, \;K_2O$ have shown higher in first yellow leaf date, the content of Ca has shown higher in first falling leaf date and the content of Mn and Cu content have shown higher in second new leaf date.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2001

To replace fish meal (FM) in the diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis nloticus, different levels of Iysine cell mass (LCM) were added to diet on protein equivalent base. fish averaging 3.0 g fed one of nine diets containing isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of 35% crude protein and 15.3kJ available energy/g diet: $LCM_0, 100% FM: LCM_{10}, 90% FM+10% LCM, LCM_{20}, 80% FM+20% LCM; LCM_{30}, 70% FM+30% LCM; LCM_{40}, 60% FM+40% LCM; LCM_{30}l, 70% FM+30% LCM+lysine; LCM_{30}ln, 70% FM +30% LCM + lysine +NaOH; LCM_{40}lan, 60% FM+40% LCM+lysine+arginine; LCM_{40}/lan, 60% FM+40% LCM+lysine+arginine+NaOH.$. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, there were no significant differences in weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed LCM$_{0}$ (control diet), LCM_{10}, LCM_{30}, LCM_{40}, LCM_{30}l, LCM_{30}ln, LCA_{40}la and LCM_{40}lan diets (P>0.05)$, while fishes fed $LCM_{20} diet were significantly higher than those fed LCM_{0}, LCM_{30}, LCM_{40}, LCM_{40}la and LCM_{40$}lan diets (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among fish fed control diet, $LCM_{10}, LCM_{20}, LCM_{30}ln, LCM_{ 40}la and LCM_{40}$lan diets (P>0.05), while fishes fed control diet were significantly higher than those fed $LCM_{30}, LCM_{40} and LCM_{40}l diets (P<0.05)$. Positive effects were not shown in WG and SGR with supplementation of amino acids (lysine & arginine) and neutralizatio, while FE and PER from fish fed $LCM_{40}la and LCM_{40}lan diets were significantly higher than those fed LCM_{30}, LCM_{40} and LCM_{30}$l diets (P<0.05). Hence, LCM can replace FM up to 40%, and dietary suppl-ementacon and neutralization of amino acids showed positive effects, when FE and PER were considered in juvenile tilapia diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.433-439
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• 1991

This nutritional survey was conducted from September 15 to 21, 1990, in order to investigate the nutritional status of housewives living in Andong city, rural area of Korea. The subjects of this survey were 222 rural housewives living in Andong area. The results were summarized as follows ; The daily food intake was 1133.1g and that of animal foods was 131.5g. The average intake of nutrients was above the RDA. Total calorie intake was 2123.7kcal. Perentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat were 64.4, 18.1 and 17.5 respectively. The predicted percentages of deficiency was 19.8% in calorie, 10.0% in protein, 14.0% in Ca and 25.2% in Fe of total subjects. The correlation between the income level, food expenditure and protein intake was significant.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 1989

A soluble intracellular protease from cells of Pseudomonas carboxydovorans, a carboxydobacterium, grown on nutrient broth was purified 68-fold in five steps to better than 95% homogeneity with a yield of 2.4% using azocasein as a substrate. The enzyme activity was not detected from cells grown on pyruvate, succinate, acetate, or CO as a sole source of carbon and energy. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined to be 53,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed the purified enzyme a monomer. The enzyme was found to be a serine-type protease. The enzyme activity was inhibited completely by several divalent cations such as $Cd^{2+}, Cu^{2+}, Hg^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$. The enzyme was also inhibited by EGTA, but was stimulated by iodoacetamide. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were found to be 8.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was inactive on CO dehydrogenase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.10-15
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• 1992

일반적으로 영양상태가 불량한 사람들은 저항력이 저하되어 질병에 잘 걸리고 사망율이 높으며 영양상태가 양호한 사람은 병균에 대한 저항력이 강하다는 것은 오래전 부터 알려져 온 사실이다. 그러므로 영양상태는 면역체계에 영향을 미치리라고 생각하게 되었고, 이를 뒷받침 할만한 많은 임상적, 역학적 연구들이 있다. 영양-면역-감염의 상호관계는 매우 복잡하고 여기에 관계되는 변인들은 아주 다양하다. 영양불량인 사람들은 대체로 가난하고 무지하며 위생시설도 나쁜 지역에 살고 있는 사람들이며, 이들에게 질병에 대한 감염은 항상 수반되는 문제이다. 즉, 영양불량, 면역능력 저하, 감염은 서로 영향 받으며 가난과 무지는 이러한 상태의 기본적인 원인이 된다고 하겠다. 영양불량인 사람들은 질병에 걸리기 쉽고, 또한 질병에 걸리면 영양상태를 더욱 악화시키는 악순환이 계속된다. 이제까지의 영양과 면역과의 연구에서는 단백질-열량 부족이 주로 연구되어 왔으나 그외의 특정한 영양소의 과부족이 면역능력에 미치는 영향도 연구되고 있다. 이러한 영양소로는 Fe, Zn, Cu Se 등을 포함한 무기질과, 비타민 A, C, E, 와 B 비타민들이 연구되고 있고, 또한 특정한 아미노산이나 지방산등도 관심을 모으고 있다. 여기에서는 단백질-열량 부족이 (PEM) 면역기능에 미치는 영향을 검토해봄으로써 영양과 면역과의 관계를 규명하기 위한 연구의 범위를 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 만성퇴행성 질병의 원인으로 생각되는 영양과잉과 면역과의 관계도 검토 하고자 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1991

지렁이(L. rubelIus) 체액내의 적혈구용혈능깍 단백질분해능을 확인하였다. 지렁이의 체액 0. 33 $\mu$l속에 있는 용혈인자는 9 $\times$ 1011 rat RBCs를 2분만에 완전히 용혈시켰으며, 다른 포유류들의 적혈구에도 약간의 차이는 있으나 비슷한 용혈능을 보였고, 이 용혈인자는 지렁이의 혈구가 아닌 몸체조직에서 분비되는 것으로 생각되었다. 용혈인자는 pH 6.5-7.5사이에서 활성이 가장 강하였고, 63'c로 30분 열처리할 경우 활성이 완전히 없어졌으며, 2-mercaptoethanol은 용혈인자의 활성을 증가시켰다. 이 인자의 활성도는 여러가지의 당류, LPS, cholesterol, prosphatidyl Choline, Ch10ropromazine, Sphin90myelin 및 FG2+, Fe3+, CU2+, ZR2+ 등의 금속이온에 의하여 활성이 저해되었다. 한편 지렁이 체액내의 단백질 분해인자는 BSA와 19G를 여러 조각으로 분해시켰으며 이 분해인자는 PMSF및 TLCK에 의하여 활성이 억제되지 않았다. 지렁이의 체강에는 용혈소를 분비하는 박테리아들이 존재하였으나 이들 박테리아들의 용혈소는 지렁이의 용혈인자와는 전기영동이동도에서 차이가 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.657-662
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• 1997

An attempt was made to investigate the chemical compositions of green pumpkin, edible flesh and seed of ripened pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.). The proximate compositions were moisture 9.34%, 11.98%, protein 12.70%, 13.38%, lipid 11.31%, 0.85%, carbohydrate 64.32%, 62.18%, fiber 6.31%, 4.54% and ash 6.05%, 7.76% in green and ripened pumpkin, respectively. The compositions of free sugar were glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose and maltose in green and ripened pumpkin, respectively. During flesh growth, glucose, maltose and lactose was increased but sucrose and fructose was decreased in pumpkin. Pattern of 15 amino acid compositions in green and ripened pumpkin was shown to be of similarity. Major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine in green pumpkin and edible flesh of ripened pumpkin. And major amino acid in seed of ripened pumpkin were glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid in green and ripened pumpkin, respectively. And those in seed of ripened pumpkin were linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. The richest mineral contained in the green and ripened pumpkin was shown to be K and followed by Ca, Mg, Na and Fe in order.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1993

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg accumulation of the tissue of the Pb-administered rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a 3$\times$3$\times$2 factorial design with 3 levels of protein (40%, 15%, 6%), 3 levels of Ca (1.2%, 0.6%, 0.12%) and 2 feeding periods (3 and 7 weeks). The control group was included separately. The rats were exposed to the drinking water containing 2,000ppm of lead. Calcium contents in serum, liver and femur were decreased with Pb administration. Calcium contents in serum and femur were reduced with dietary protein and Ca levels. Level of serum Fe showed no significant difference with Pb administration in the rats fed the high Ca diet. Iron content in liver was not affected by the lead when the rats fed the diet containing high protein and Ca. Level of serum Cu was lower in the Pb added groups than in the control group and tended to be reduced with decreasing dietary protein and Ca levels. Copper content in liver was not affected by the lead when the rats fed the high Ca diet. Level of serum Zn was decreased in the low protein-low Ca group. Magnesium content in serum was decreased with Pb administration when the rats fed the diet containing low protein and Ca. However, magnesium content in liver was reduced with Pb administration and affected only by dietary protein level.