• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1998

In our time the parent's role is changing from sexually differentiated to androgynous pattern. Mother's interction with infant includes caring and father's interaction especially have play. Father and mother share the caring and play because they have complementary nature. Infants have a tendency to show more positive responses to their fathers than mothers in play situations. For that reason we can help the promotion of father's interaction with his infant through ascertaining patterns of father-infant play interaction. This study was to find out patterns of father-infant play interaction in order to improve the Interaction between father and infant. Data was video-taped from 6 fathers and infants who were healthy and first-timed and 7-11 weeks old in their houses. I used Father-Infant Play Interaction Scale that was applied to father instead of mother as a care-giver. The scale was checked up by experts in this field for content validity and the reliability was 0.95 in this study. The results were as follows : 1. Father's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about infant's cue. The mean score was 33.16(SD, 9.11), This means they come up to the standard level of responses about infant's cue. 2. Infant's play behaviors were the patterns of responses about father's cue. The mean score was 7.00(SD,3.10). This means they get the higher level of responses about father's cue. 3. The patterns of simultaneous responses occured together between father and infant. The mean score was 9.58 (SD, 3.96). This means they reach the standard level of simultaneous responses between father and infant. 4. The patterns of interactional behaviors occured interpersonally between father and infant. The mean score was 49.75(SD, 15.80). This means they interact on the standard level of play interaction. In view of the results father's play interaction seems to reveal an average level and play patterns are similar to mother's. In order to ascertain definitely patterns of father-infant play interaction we need further research which has more subjects and variables to have important effects.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.69-84
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• 2000

This study intended to investigate the relationship between father's/mother's values(materialism, competitive achievement pressure, neighborhood relations), father/mother-student emotional intimacy & father's/mother's over control and university student's alienation, and examin the relative influences of independent variables on university student's alienation. For this purpose, data were obtained from 402 male 7nd female university students in Seoul and Inchon, and analyzed by factor analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$, frequencies, %, Pearson's r and stepwise multiple regression. The major findings were as follows : 1) father's and mother's values had significant relations to university student's alienation. As father and mother had more materialism and competitive achievement pressure, their university student was more alienated, and as father and mother had more neighborhood relations, the student was less alienated. 2) Emotional intimacy between father/mother and student had negative relation to university student's alienation. As the level of emotional intimacy was higher, the student was less alienated 3) Father's and mother's over control had positive relations to university student's alienation. As father's and mother's over control was higher, the student was more alienated. 4) Mother's neighborhood relations, father's and mother's over control, mother-student emotional intimacy and father's materialism had influences on university student's alienation in descending order. These independent variables explained 25. 0 % of the total valiance. Father's materialism and father's/mother's over control increased the level of university student's alienation, but mother's neighborhood relations and mother-student emotional intimacy decreased the bevel of student's alienation. Emerging evidences suggested that in order to prevent or decrease the university student's alienation, their parents should have less materialism and more neighborhood relations, and should not use over control on their university student but produce more emotional support.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.25-45
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore socio-demographic factors, personality factors, socio-psychological factors, and relationship factors related to happiness of young children's fathers. Method: Subjects of this study were fathers who had 3, 4 and 5 years old children attending childcare centers. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 program. Results: First, father's subjective well-being was predicted by father's extraversion of personality, job satisfaction, satisfaction of economic status, marital intimacy, and relationship with child. Marital intimacy was the strongest predictor of father's subjective well-being. Second, father's global life satisfaction was associated with occupational status, family monthly income, father's extraversion of personality, satisfaction of economic status, marital intimacy, and relationship with child. Father's global life satisfaction was explained by satisfaction of economic status the most. Third, father's meaning of life was related to father's educational level, father's extraversion of personality, job satisfaction, satisfaction of economic status, marital intimacy, and relationship with child. Father's meaning of life was explained by relationship with child the most. Fourth, father's positive emotion was predicted by father's extraversion of personality, job satisfaction, satisfaction of economic status, marital intimacy, and relationship with child. Extraversion of personality was the strongest predictor for father's positive emotion. Fifth, neuroticism of personality and marital intimacy were related to father's negative emotion, and neuroticism of personality was the strongest predictor for father's negative emotion. Conclusions: The findings of this research provide the fundamental source for increasing father's happiness which can be used to establish the educational programs, counseling, and policy on general public's happiness.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.417-442
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• 2009

This study investigated whether there are differences in father's involvement in child-rearing and role performance and on mother's parenting stress after fathers' participating in the father's program at kindergarten. Subjects were parents of children enrolled in H kindergarten, 38 fathers (18 experimental group, 20 control groups) and 38 mothers (wives of the experimental and control group fathers). Data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, and t-test on the pre-score and post-score. Findings were that : father's participant program at kindergarten affected father's involvement in child-rearing and role performance, and mother's parenting stress reduction : the experimental group father's involvement in child-rearing and role performance was improved more than the control group. Experimental group mothers' parenting stress than that of the control group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of father's play beliefs on father-child interaction and child's social skills. The subjects were 370 fathers of 1, 2 and 3 graders of elementary schools who lived in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. The results were as follows; First, the differences were found to be significant between the whole of father's play hours, play focus beliefs, study focus beliefs and father-child interaction, and their sub-variables of disciplinary action, sensitiveness, and affectionate expression; and between the whole of child's social skills and its sub-variables of cooperative action, self-assertion and self-control. Second, the higher play focus beliefs, the more positive interaction on the child, and specifically they use much democratic disciplinary action, sensitiveness and affectionate expression. Third, as to the effect of the father's play focus beliefs on the child's social skills, father-child interaction was found to act as a partial parameter, while as to the effect of the father's study focus beliefs on the child's social skills, father-child interaction was found to act as a full parameter.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-41
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explain in detail the factors of the father's play interaction that predict children's adaptive emotional regulation. This study examined the moderated mediation effect of a father's rough-and-tough play toward a child's emotional expressiveness and the father's play participation attitude on the child's adaptive emotional regulation. Methods: The study participants included 309 fathers of children aged from 3 to 5 years. Data were analyzed using models of the PROCESS Macro. Results: As a result of this research, the relationship of the father's rough-and-tough play with the child's adaptive emotional regulation was that this was indeed mediated by the child's negative emotional expressiveness. Additionally, the father's responsive and fun play attitude moderated the relationship between the father's rough-and-tough play and the child's adaptive emotional regulation. Further, the father's responsive and fun play attitude according to level had a moderated mediation effect. Conclusion/Implications: These results are meaningful in that they derives a mechanism for why and how a father's rough-and-tough play affects children's adaptive emotional regulation.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.65-101
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• 2010

By considering the final purpose and meaning of two fairy-tales, we can summarize two things. Firstly, a woman with father complex not only positive, but also negative can easily sacrifice her femininity and her own personality as an individual. A woman with father complex has to get out of father imago. By separating from father imago, she can make her own steps to realize her own personality, namely individuation. During normal development, detachment to instinct and archetypal contents can cause problems normally to the ego consciousness. Contrary to this developmental notion, women with father complex experience problems because they are too closely attached to father archetype. Therefore, continuous excessive identification of ego with father imago or a state of ego caught by father imago leads to death of her own personality. Some women intentionally attach to father imago in order to be powerful or to receive magical power of father archetype to make compensation to her inferiority and deficiency. Weak ego wants to be stronger and superior by intentional attachment to father imago. Then, she can succeed in some tasks in life. But These successes are not by her own effort, but by magical or superhuman power of father imago. During early childhood, young girl with weak ego strongly attaches to father imago to make success and achieve goals by magical power. She wants to compensate her weak ego. But the more her ego makes successes in real life with help of father imago, the more she loses her own character or personality. Ego can be strong enough only when it is detached or separated itself from father imago. In other side, there is a woman destined to realize request by the father imago. She is chosen by the collective unconscious, though she try to run away from dominant power. In this case, ego of selected woman is not weak. She is destined to be a heroine. She knows that she has to complete every task given to her to realize what father imago wants, and she will not own any of her products at all. She is a real or true heroine. She wants to avoid her destiny, but she can't and should not do it. Secondly, a woman with father complex is called for again to save father imago or to solve problems of father imago. In this case, father imago of a woman should be considered to be related to the collective conscious. Therefore, it is said that all women with father complex are invited for healing the society or the collective consciousness. To complete this request, she has to heal herself by recovering her femininity. The healing power is based on the maternal receptive capacity. In modern society, the women are always demanded to be a social being. These social demands can make women caught by father complex. In this sense, number of women with father complex are increasing. Through the understanding of two fairy-tales, increased number of women with father complex should be easily considered as events at personal level, but seriously considered as a phenomenon reflecting problems in the collective consciousness of our age. In the other hand, all women with father complex are invited to solve the problem of modern society. She will be able to realize her own individuation without being possessed by father imago, to save our society and to become a heroine of our age.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.1 s.85
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• pp.15-27
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• 2007

This study examined the relationships between father and son through son's developmental stages focusing on the father-son communication. The researcher conducted the survey among 600 male students including the 5th grade elementary students, the 2nd grade middle school students and the 2nd grade high school students residing new areas of town Pusan. The results of this study are as follows. It showed that there are some differences in function and content of father-son communication. Also it develomental stages was revealed that there is the quality differences in father-son communication through son's develomental stages. Elementary students was higher levels of father-son communication quality than those of middle and high schools. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the relationship between father and son is changing through son's developmental stages. If father can recognize the characteristics of the developmental stages of their son's, they would be more effectively cope their sons' development demand.

• 중국학논총
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• no.67
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• pp.81-100
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• 2020

Yu-hua's disharmony with his personal and inner 'father' in his first-half novel expanded to expose the absence of the role of the social and national 'father' in the latter half. Yu-hua's novels revealed his personal sense of resistance through the absence of his father, and then expanded the negative "father image" in this family to the state and society to shed light on the absence and irresponsibility of the "father" in Chinese society and the state. I think that reading Yu-hua's novels in this way in the future will make it easier to understand the theme of these novels, and also to recognize the time value of these novels.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.131-146
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• 2009

Purpose: The purposes of this descriptive survey study were to describe levels of father involvement in child-rearing and maternal depression. Method: Data were collected from 277 mothers who had one to three years old infant at 8 day care centers and 2 public health centers in S and B city. The instrument used for this study was a self-report questionnaire that included the father involvement in child-rearing scale and maternal depression(BDI). Results: The mean score for father involvement in child-rearing was $44.60{\pm}12.06$. For father involvement in child-rearing, there were significant differences according to chid birth order, father's education, mother's job, income, marriage satisfaction, support for child-rearing. The mean for maternal depression was $10.24{\pm}7.70$. For maternal depression, there were significant differences according to mother's religion, parent's education, father's job, income, marriage satisfaction, support for child-rearing. There is significant difference in the maternal depression according to the father involvement in child-rearing. Conclusion: Father involvement in child-rearing and maternal depression influence child development. It is essential to assess father's participation in child-rearing and maternal depression, to develop knowledge about role of father for child health.