• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.380-386
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• 1994

The behavior of glycogen and histological changes of hepatic tissues in the liver of rats, aged 6 to 7 weeks, fed 18% casein diet under control, gramoxone and gramoxone + vitamin C(Vt. C) diets has been investigated in a comined histropathological and histochemical studies. Cloudy swelling and fat changes of hepatic cells were observed in the gramoxone group with the duration of feeding time. Fat changes of hepatic cells were observed more obviously than cloudy welling, especially in the hepatic cells of periportal area. The number of Kupffer's cells increased signifciantly in the gramoxone group fed for 4weeks. The cloudy swelling and fat changes decreased obviously in the gramxone + Vt. C group. Glycogen content of heaptic cells tended to increase slightly in the gramoxone group as compared with the control group . moreover, glycogen depositons were higher in the hepatic cells where fat changes were obvious. It seems to be that Vt.C alleviating effects on the gramoxone toxicity in the patterns of glycogen distribution and histological structure of heaptic tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 1983

In order to establish tissue lipid status in animal on feeding of various dietary fat and oils, each group of rats was fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10%(w/w) mackerel oil (MO), eel oil (EO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO) or beef tallow (BT) for 1, 2 and 4 weeks, After each feeding period, levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid were measured in serum. Fatty acid ${\leftarrow}$ composition was also investigated in serum and tissue lipids. Levels of total serum cholesterol were lower but HDL-cholesterol were higher in fish oil groups, which resulted in significantly higher ratio of HDL to total cholesterol in the fish oil groups. Fish oil groups, in general, also had lower levels of serum triglyceride and phospholipid than other groups, but S0 group maintained as low phospholipid levrl as fish oil groups. Fatty acid composition of dietary fat was reflected in all the tissues investigated but with varying degrees. Very long chain fatty acids, specific components exclusively found in fish oils were most well reflected in liver and relatively well in serum, whereas linoleic acid and erucic acid of SO and RO in the diet were better shown up in heart and adipose tissue. It attracted a particular attention that major proportions of long chain monoenoic acids $(C_{22:1})$ occurring both in MO and RO were detected separately in liver and heart plus adipose tissue, the result of which strongly indicates that there is a significant difference in metabolism between isomers $(C_{22:1}\;w\;11\;and\;C_{22:1}\;w\;9,\;respectively)$. It is suggested from this study that differences in lipid status as well as in the levels of serum lipids result from uniqueness in metabolism of each different fatty acid and give rise to distinguishable change in serum lipoprotein pattern, followed by diet with different fat sources.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.515-520
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• 2013

Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key regulatory enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. It is one of four pyruvate kinase isoenzymes that widely differ in their occurrence according to tissue type. PKM2 is expressed in differentiated tissues, such as fat tissues, lung, as well as normal proliferating cells, embryonic cells, and tumor cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PKM2 gene with meat quality traits in Berkshire pigs. We detected a SNP (g.34341 A>G) in the 3'UTR region of the PKM2 gene in 670 Berkshire pigs through DNA sequencing. Three genotypes, AA, AG, and GG, were found for this SNP, but based on an association analysis with meat quality traits, genotype AA was significantly associated with thicker back fat than genotype GG (p=0.027). Therefore, the g.34341 A>G polymorphism in the 3'UTR region of the porcine PKM2 gene could be applied in pig breeding programs to improve back fat thickness.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.6 s.113
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• pp.340-346
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• 2005

Major quality features of the beef carcass in most countries including Korea are size, marbling state of the lean tissue, color of the fat and lean tissue, and thickness of back fat of the 13th rib. To evaluate the beef quality, extracting loin parts from the sectional image of the 13th beef rib is crucial and is the first step. However, because of the inhomogeneous distribution and fuzzy pattern of the fat and lean tissues on the beef cut, it is difficult to extract automatically the proper contour of the lean tissue. In this paper, a prototype mobile beef quality measurement system, which can be implemented practically at the beef processing site was developed. The developed system was composed of the hand held image acquisition unit and mobile processing unit mounted with touch-pad screen. Algorithms to extract the boundary of the lean tissue and a proper tool to evaluate the marbling status have been developed using color image processing. The boundary extraction algorithm showed successful results for the beef cuts with simple and moderate patterns of the lean tissue and fat. However, it had some difficulty in eliminating complex pattern of the extraneous tissues adhered to the lean tissue in the boundary extraction. The developed algorithms were implemented to the prototype mobile processing unit.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

Objectives Bangpungtongsungsan is an herbal medicine that treats obesity and dampness-phlegm. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Bangpungtongsungsan on insulin resistance induced by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods Male 6-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl), high fat diet group (HFF), high fat diet with Bangpungtongsungsan extract administration group (BT1), and high fat diet with double concentration of Bangpungtongsungsan extract administration group (BT2). Each 10 mice were allocated to each group (total of 40 mice). All mice were allowed to eat fat rich diet freely throughout the experiment. To examine the effect of Bangpungtongsungsan, we observed weight changes, lipid blot distributions, PGC-1, $p-I{\kappa}B$, 8-OHdG, p-JNK, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Results Comparing of body weight measurements between 4 groups, weight gain was significantly lower in BT1 and BT2 group than the HFF group. The distribution of lipid blots and positive reaction of PGC-1 were significantly lower in BT1 and BT2 group. The positive reaction of $p-I{\kappa}B$ and 8-OHdG in hepatic tissues was significantly lower in BT1 and BT2 group. The positive reaction of p-JNK in hepatic tissues was significantly lower in BT1 and BT2 group. Total cholesterol and glucose levels were significantly lower in BT1 and BT2 group. Conclusions Bangpungtongsungsan has the effect of improving non-alcoholic fatty liver induced insulin resistance through regulation of lipid metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.593-599
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• 2005

An abattoir study on the abdominal fat necrosis in adult cattle was performed pathologically. Grossly, masses of fat necrosis were leekgreen in colour, lobulated on the cut surface, and saponificated in the texture. These necrotic adipose tissues infiltrated usually into neighboring parenchymal organs including intestines and pancreas, leading to fibrosis or atrophy of them. Histopathologically, necrotic fat cells contained acidophilic, opaque, amorphous substance or basophilic fibrillar or granular minerals in their cytoplasms. The lesions of fat necrosis were divided by fibroconnective tissue. With increase of the severity, necrotic fat cells fused each other and then formed fat cysts. In this severe lesion, necrotic fat cells were partialy or completely replaced by macrophages. Multinucleated giant cells were scattered in this lesion. Interestingly, small artery in the lesion of fat necrosis revealed severe thickening of internal elastic membrane. Severe fibrosis was observed in or between the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscular externas causing segregation, degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers. The nerve cells of Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses surrounded by fibrosis were degenerated or necrotic. In addition, necrotic fat cells infiltrated into the pancreas, resulting in pancreas atrophy. From these results, it is speculated that fat necrosis might compromise intestinal movement due to necrosis of muscular externa and ganglion cells of Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.335-356
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• 1997

Injection of bovine growth hormone (bGH) to lactating dairy cows increases milk yield and yields of milk components including fat. It is generally believed that most of the anabolic effects derived from bGH in animal tissues are primarily mediated by IGF-1. IGF-1 is a strong anabolic peptide in the plasma of animals and exerts mitogenic and metabolic effects on target cells. Contrary to most protein hormones, the majority of IGF-1 in circulation is bound to the binding proteins (IGFBPs) which are known to be responsible for modifying the biological actions of IGF-1, thus making determinations of IGF-1 actions more difficult. On the other hand, fat is a major milk component and the greatest energy source in milk. Currently, the fat content of milk is one of the major criteria used in determining milk prices. It has been known that flavor and texture of dairy products are mainly affected by milk fat and its composition. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the rate limiting enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis in 1ipogenic tissues of animals including bovine lactating mammary glands. In addition to the short-tenn hormonal regulation of ACC by changes in the catalytic efficiency per enzyme molecule brought about by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzyme, the long-term hormonal regulation of ACC by changes in the number of enzyme molecules plays an essential role in control of ACC and lipogenesis. Insulin, at supraphysiological concentrations, binds to IGF-1 receptors, thereby mimicking the biological effects of IGF-1. The receptors for insulin and IGF-1 share structural and functional homology. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor increased ACC activity in rat hepatocytes and adipocytes. Therefore, it can be assumed that IGF-1 mediating bGH action may increase milk fat production by stimulation ACC with phosphorylation (short term) and/or increasing amounts of the enzyme proteins (long term). Consequently, the main purpose of this paper is to give the readers not only the galactopoietic effects of bGH, but also the insight of bGH action with regard to stimulating milk fat synthesis from the whole body to the molecular levels.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.75-92
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the effect of Gami-cheongpyesagan-tang extract (GCST) on high fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Methods: The mice were divided into six groups; normal diet control, high fat diet control (HFD), HFD+GCST administrated group (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) and olistat-admistrated group. Obesity was induced by high fat diet (45%) for 7 weeks in mice, and GCST was administrated orally every day for 7 weeks. The body weight, food intake, and serological markers such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, lipid contents, leptin, adiponectin and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/glutamic pyruvic transaminase were measured in mice. The mRNA expression of obese-associating genes such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CaP desaturase (SCD-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR)-{\alpha}$, COA oxidase (ACO), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase ($CPT-1{\alpha}$) was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The administration of GCST at 400 mg/kg, significantly reduced the increase of body weight and food intake as well as food efficiency compared to HFD group. GCST decreased the serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, leptin in HFD control group and inhibited lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissues, but did not increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In the liver tissues of GCST administrated HFD group, the mRNA levels of SREBP-1c, FAS and SCD-1 were decreased and the mRNA levels of $PPAR-{\alpha}$, ACO, and $CPT-1{\alpha}$ were increased. Conclusions: These results indicate that GCST could improve high fat diet induced obesity through inhibiting the hyperlipidemia in fatty Liver. It suggest that GCST may be used clinically for declining the accumultion of body fat with hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2016

The current study investigated the anti-obesity effect of Cissus quadrangularsis extracts (CQR-300) and its molecular action mechanism on obese mice induced high-fat diet (HFD). To induce the obesity, mice were fed a HFD for 6 weeks and then fed HFD only or HFD with CQR-300 at 50 and 200 mg/kg. Then, body weight gain and white adipose tissue weights were measured. We investigated the reduction in body fat and the regulation of fatty acid synthesis was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and real-time PCR with Western blot, respectively. In vitro study, CQR-300 inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. The CQR-300 treatment was significantly decreased the body weight gain and adipocytes size as well as white adipose tissues weights in HFD-induced obese mice. Furthermore, CQR-300 reduced the body fat and fat mass with regulating of adipose tissue hormones as leptin. Treatment with 50 mg/kg CQR-300 showed effectively lower expression levels of adipogenesis/lipogenesis related genes and proteins such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in white adipose tissue (WAT) as compared with the HFD fed only mice. These results suggest that the CQR-300 has an anti-obesity effect via inhibition of lipase activity, decrease the body fat mass by regulating the adipogenesis and lipogenesis related genes and proteins in epididymal adipose tissue with evaluate body fat reduce in the HFD-induced obese mice.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.85-100
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• 2001

In Oriental medicine, there has been a theory that the deficiency of the Qi(氣) and the Phlegm(濕)-Damp(痰) bring Obesity. And so a clinically representative herb-medicine of the obesity treatments is Chegameyiin-tang . We observed the effects of Chegameyiin-tang on the fat tissues and what the function of Chegameyiin-tang is. These experimental studies were designed to investigate the effects of Chegameyiin-tang on the weight and lipid metabolism of obesity rats induced by high fat diet. And what is changed in the blood and how the leptin and uncoupled protein is affected. The measurement has been performed on (1) the weight of obese rats fed high fat diet, (2) the average size and number of epididymal fat cells, (3) the total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose. and free fatty acids in the blood. and (4) the leptin and uncoupled protein in the blood are observed. The results are as follows; 1. In the sample group, the weight decrease occured significantly throughout the whole research period than that of control group. 2. In the sample group, epididymal fat weight showed significantly decrease in the 8th and 14th weeks than that of control group.3. In the sample group, epididymal fat cell size was decreased significantly in the 8th and 14th weeks than that of control group. 4. In the sample group, total cholesterol. triglyceride and glucose increased rather than control group in 8 weeks, those decreased significantly in 14 weeks. 5. In the sample group, free fatty acids and insulin increased rather than control group in 8 weeks. those showed some decrease in 14 weeks . 6. In the sample group, leptin decreased significantly than control group in 8, 14 weeks. Uncoupled protein showed some decrease in 8 weeks. that decreased significantly in 14 weeks.