• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.528-533
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• 2012

Background Rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue are useful for reconstruction of the chest wall, and abdominal, vaginal, and perianal defects. Thus, preoperative evaluation of rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue is important. This is a retrospective study that measured the thickness of rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue using computed tomography (CT) and analyzed the correlation with the patients' age, gestational history, history of laparotomy, and body mass index (BMI). Methods A total of 545 adult women were studied. Rectus abdominis muscle and abdominal subcutaneous fat thicknesses were measured with abdominopelvic CT. The results were analyzed to determine if the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle or subcutaneous fat tissue was significantly correlated with age, number of pregnancies, history of laparotomy, and BMI. Results Rectus abdominis muscle thicknesses were 9.58 mm (right) and 9.73 mm (left) at the xiphoid level and 10.26 mm (right) and 10.26 mm (left) at the umbilicus level. Subcutaneous fat thicknesses were 24.31 mm (right) and 23.39 mm (left). Rectus abdominismuscle thickness decreased with age and pregnancy. History of laparotomy had a significant negative correlation with rectus abdominis muscle thickness at the xiphoid level. Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness had no correlation with age, number of pregnancies, or history of laparotomy. Conclusions Age, gestational history, and history of laparotomy influenced rectus abdominis muscle thickness but did not influence abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness. These results are clinically valuable for planning a rectus abdominis muscle flap and safe elevation of muscle flap.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1975

Total body fat measurement by means of skinfold thickness was performed in 295 middle school girls in Suwon, Korea. Skinfold thicknesses on 4 sites, namely, arm, back, abdomen, and waist were obtained and fat was calculated using mean skinfold thickness (MSF) and the following formulas. % Fat=0.747$\times$MSF (mm)+l6.21 Fat (kg) =0.619$\times$MSF (mm) +3.31. The following results were obtained. 1. In 85 (age. 13 yr) of the first year class girls skinfold thickness was: arm 6.9mm; back 8.2; abdomen 8.3; waist 10.7mm, mean thickness was 8.5mm. Fat was 22.6$\pm$1.56% body weight or 8.20±2.68kg. Lean body weight was 31.93$\pm$3.16kg. 2. In 107 (age : 14.2 yr) of the second year class girls skinfold thickness was : arm 7.6mm; back 9.7; abdomen 9.7; waist 12.4mm; and mean thickness was 9.8mm. Fat was 23.0$\pm$5.09% body weight or 9.36$\pm$1.87kg. Lean body weight was 34.29$\pm$1.76 kg. 3. In 103 (age : 15.1 yr) of the third year class girls skinfold thickness was : arm 7.6mm; back 10.3; abdomen 9.4; waist 11.9mm; and mean thickness was 9.8mm. Fat was 23.2$\pm$4.35% body weight or 9.36$\pm$1.18 kg. Lean body weight was 37.10$\pm$5.08 kg. 4. The ratio of mean skinfold thickness (mm) to body weight (kg) was 0.213 in 13 year old girls, 0.225 in 14 year, and 0.213 in 15 year old girls.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1974

Formulas for the prediction of total body fat from skinfold thickness in middle aged men were presented. Hydrostatic weighing was made on 35 middle-aged men $(age:\;40{\sim}50\;years)$ sad corrected for residual volume in lung. Skinfold thickness at four sites, namely, arm, back, waist and abdomen were compared with total fat calculated from the formula given by Keys and Brozek and regression equations were derived. In middle-aged men the observed values were: Body density, 1.07478 ; total body fat, 10.51% body weight; lean body mass, 89.49% body weight; arm skinfold thickness, 4.85mm; back, 10.4 ; waist, 7.72; abdomen, 7.62 and mean skinfold thickness of the four sites, 7.59 mm. The correlations between skinfold thickness and body density were high. The correlations between skinfold thickness and total body fat were also high. The coefficient of correlation between total body fat and arm skinfold, mean skinfold thickness were r=0.839 and r=0.862, respectively. Arm and mean skinfold thicknesses (x, mm) could be used as the representative value for the prediction of total body fat (y, % body weight). The regression equations were: On arm y=2.00x+0.99, With mean skinfold y=1.20x+1.41 The coefficient of correlation between body weight (kg) and mean skinfold thickness was r=0.733. The ratio of mean skinfold thickness (mm) to body weight (kg) in middle-aged men was 0.132.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.104-109
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• 2017

Objectives: Epicardial fat is true visceral fat that is known to be associated with metabolic syndrome, high abdominal fat, insulin resistance, coronary artery diseases, low coronary flow reserve and subclinical atherosclerosis. Dampness-Phlegm pattern is one of the pattern diagnosis of traditional Korean medicine. Previous studies showed that Dampness-Phlegm pattern is associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome. This study is intended to find association between Dampness-Phlegm pattern and epicardial fat thickness. Methods: This study was a community-based single center trial. Ischemic stroke patients within 30 days after their ictus were enrolled. Epicardial fat thickness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography. Other measured and obtained variables are medical history, weight, height, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerol, high density lipoprotein, lipid and low density lipoprotein. Results: Three hundred sixty six were enlisted, and one hundred forty were diagnosed with the Dampness-Phlegm pattern. Dampness-Phlegm pattern group had significantly thicker epicardial fat. Binary logistic regression also showed statistically significant result. Conclusions: This study showed close association between epicardial fat and Dampness-Phlegm pattern. This result suggests a clue to standardization of pattern identification.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2009

Current study was conducted to investigate the influence of parity and region variation in ultrasound live carcass traits of Hanwoo cows. A total of 1,386 heads of Hanwoo cows, spreading over six regions in Gangwon province of South Korea, were measured for longissimus muscle area, back fat thickness, marbling score and rump fat thickness by using real-time ultrasound method. The results revealed that, positive correlations were found in all ultrasound live carcass traits. All live carcass traits were increased in accordance with parity until the sixth, and then decreased thereafter. Statistical significant differences (p<0.01) were found among regions in ultrasound live carcass traits, e.g. Hanwoo cows showed highest longissimus muscle area and marbling score in Hwacheon, while the lowest back fat thickness and rump fat thickness were observed in Yanggu. Greater longissimus muscle area and marbling scores were found in Hanwoo cows which were born during autumn, 2000. Moreover, individuals born during autumn, 2005 and 2006 showed a thicker back fat and rump fat thickness. Back fat thickness had the highest positive correlation with rump fat thickness, while rib eye area and rump fat thickness had the lowest correlation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.458-468
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• 2019

This study proposes an efficient weight training strategy to reduce body fat, by identifying the effects of weight training on body fat reductions based on individual characteristics and changes in skinfold thickness. We analyzed the effects of 12-weeks weight training on changes in skinfold thickness and the resulting body fat reductions by considering individual traits of the subject. Our results indicate that individual characteristics have no statistically significant effects on changes in skinfold thickness, but were statistically significant for changes in the amount of body fat. Second, changes in skinfold thickness showed statistically significant effects on changes in body fat. Third, weight training induced changes in skinfold thickness were more significant in men than in women. Men also exhibited greater changes in body fat than women after weight training. Taken together, these findings confirm that changes in skinfold thickness and body fat observed through the 12-week weight training had variations depending on individual characteristics, and changes in skinfold thickness significantly affect the changes in body fat. The weight training program proposed by this study considers incorporation of individual characteristics, rather than accomplishing the same outcome with uniform methods and amounts of training. Furthermore, this program induces changes in skinfold thickness before implementing random efforts for reducing body fat.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the validity of the BMI as an indicator of obesity for Koreans. The usefulness of the BMI to represent overweight and obesity was evaluated by measuring the relative validity of sensitivity and specificity, and was compared with the validity of triceps skinfold thickness(mm). To measure the relative validity of the BMI and triceps skinfold thickness, body fat(%) was used as a reference measure of obesity. The study population included 844 participants aged 20-69 years who resided in Kuri City in Kyunggi province. Participants were measured regarding weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness and body fat. The prevalence of obesity for male subjects was 32.0%, 66.2%, and 0.9%, and for female subjects, 17.6%, 56.1%, 12.4% based on the BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, and body fat(%) respectively. The prevalence of obesity was higher based on the BMI or triceps skinfold thickness than body fat measurement. The sensitivity and specificity of the BMI were 33.3% and 67.9% in male subjects and 77.7% and 90.8% in female subjects. Sensitivity of the BMI was lower, and specificity was higher than those of triceps skinfold thickness. In summary, BMI as an indicator of obesity for Korean showed a tendency of overestimation of obesity prevalence. Therefore, there is a need to develop a more reliable obesity index other than the BMI for Koreans.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1968

Total body fat measurement by means of skinfold thickness was performed in 94 secondary school boys. Hydrostatic weighing was made on the same subject and corrected for residual volume in lung. Skinfold thicknesses at four sites, namely, back, waist, arm and abdomen, were compared with total body fat calculated from the equation given by Keys and Brozek and regression equation were computated. In 48 middle school boys aged between 13 and 16 years and 46 high school boys aged between 16 and 19 years, skinfold thicknesses increased at all 4 sites as age increased. The body density, however, showed different pattern. In middle school ages, body density showed little variation. Density in 13-14 years was 1.0608, in 14-15 years 1.0578 and in 15-16 years 1.0546. In high school ages density in-creased abruptly to 1.0703 (16 yr.), 1.0730 (17 yr.) and 1.0740 (18 yr.). Subsequently 15 years was a boundary for density change and total body fat change. In middle school boys as a group of 48 the observed values were: density: 1.0562, total body fat: 15.9%, mean skinfold thickness at four sites: 6.02 mm. The coefficient of correlation between mean skinfold thickness and density were r=-0.759 and r=0.781 with %fat. The regression equations were : Body $density=-0.00527{\times}Mean$ skinfold thickness (mm)+1.0879, %Fat=$1.933{\times}Mean$ skinfold thickness (mm)+4.26 In high school boys the values were: density: 1.0723, body fat: 10.4%, and mean skinfold thickness: 7.89 mm. Coefficients of correlation between mean skinfold thickness and density were r=-0.868 and r=0.855 with % fat. Thus, Body density=$-0.00365{\times}Mean$ skinfold thickness (mm)+1.1008, and %Fat=$1.326{\times}Mean$ skinfold thickness (mm)-0.064, were obtained. Although skinfold thicknesses at 4 sites showed a continuous increase in absolute value as age increased, relative growth of skinfold at specific site differed. On arm the growth of skinfold showed a decrease and on waist it showed an increase as compared to the mean thickness.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.304-309
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• 2009

We tested the feasibility of measuring fat thickness using a miniaturized chip LED sensor module, testing 12 healthy female subjects. The module consisted of a single detector and four sources at four different source-detector distances (SD). A segmental curve-fitting procedure was applied, using an empirical algorithm obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation, and fat thicknesses were estimated. These thicknesses were compared to computed-tomography (CT) results; the correlation coefficient between CT and optical measurements was 0.932 for bicep sites. The mean percentage error between the two measurements was 13.12%. We conclude that fat thickness can be efficiently measured using the simple sensor module.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.514-520
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to provide the reference data for estimating body composition and developing equations for prediction of percent body fat. This study was designed of two aspects: Comparison of percent body fat measurements between two operators. comparison of percent body fat measurements among four instruments. Percent body fat of college girls(n=71) aged 18-24 was measured by skinfold thickness, near-infratred interactance(Futrex-5000), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (TBF-105, Spectrum II). All measurements were duplicated & measured by two operators. The results are summarized as follows: Percent body fat observed from two operators had no significant difference. There was significant difference from four instruments. However, we found close relation between Skinfold thickness & TBF-105, Spectrum II & Near-infrared interactance. Four instruments have several assumptions and limitations. Therefore, many researches for developing new equations are required for Korean people.