• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.177-186
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• 1985

Effect of food on the absorption characteristics of oral rifampicin was studied in the fasted rats. Rifampicin dissolved in a new cosolvent was also injected to the rats intravenously, and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to explain the effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin. Rifampicin was absorbed rapidly and completely in the fasting state. Food had a profound effect on the gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, i. e., bioavailability and the extent of absorption were decreased to less than one-third of the fasting state in the postprandial state. Food seemed to imhibit the absorption and reabsorption of rifampicin in the gastrointestinal tract, but not the absorption rate constant. Hepatobiliary excretion seemed to be the major route of elimination, since the renal clearance accounted for only 8 % of the systemic clearance. Nevertheless, first-pass effect was negligibly small and most of rifampicin absorbed could reach systemic circulation. Serum concentration change of oral rifampicin on multiple dosing differed markedly in the fasting and postprandial state, which suggested the need of careful adjustment of dosage regimen in both states.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2009

Food deprivation decreases hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, which is ascribed to alterations in availability of hepatic cysteine, a rate limiting factor for the GSH synthesis. The present study examines the effects of food deprivation on hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acid in male rats. In rats fasted for 24 or 48 hours, hepatic GSH levels were decreased from $6.70{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/g$ liver to $4.02{\pm}0.20$ or $4.06{\pm}0.07{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively. Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine levels were also decreased in fasted rats, but S-adenosylhomocysteine levels were increased. Hepatic methionine levels were not changed by food deprivation for 48 hours. On the other hand, hepatic cysteine or taurine levels were increased from $106.2{\pm}4.1$ to $130.0{\pm}2.7$ nmol/g liver or from $2.45{\pm}0.43$ to $5.07{\pm}0.78{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively, in 48-hour fasted rats. Activity of cystathionine beta-synthase catalyzed homocysteine to cystathionine, was markedly decreased, but activity of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was increased in fasted rats, indicating that methylation of homocysteine to methionine is activated. Also activity of cysteine dioxygenase, involved in taurine synthesis, was increased. These results suggested that hepatic methionine levels were maintained in rats fasted for 48 hours through increase in homocysteine methylation, and hepatic GSH may serve as a cysteine supplier reservoir in fasting state.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.269-278
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• 1986

본 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 혈중유리지방산은 정상식이시 비운동선수군에서 운동부하시 증가하며 그증가의 정도는 운동부하량과 비례적인 관계를 보였으며 운동선수군에서도 같은 경향이었다. 18시간의 단기간 절식시에는 비운동선수군 및 운동선수군에서 정상식이시에 비하여 2.5배의 증가를 보였으나 비운동선수군은 운동부하량에 따라 증가한데 비하여 운동선수군에서는 변화가 없었다. 혈당은 정상식이시 비운동선수군 및 운동선수군에서 운동부하량에 비례하여 증가했으나 절식시에는 증가의 정도가 완만하였다. 혈중 중성지방 및 콜레스테롤은 비운동선수군 및 운동선수군에서 운동부하에 의한 변화는 없었으며 절식시 중성지방은 정상식이에 비하여 양군에서 현저히 감소하였다. 분당 심박동수는 식이시에 비운동선수군에서 운동부하량에 비례하여 증가하였으며 운동선수군은 비운동선수군보다 완만히 증가하였다. 절식시에는 비운동선수군에서 운동부하량에 비례하여 증가했으나 운동선수군은 운동부하초기에 증가한 후 변화가 없었으며 양군 모두 절식시에 정상식이에 비하여 운동부하량에 따른 증가의 정도가 완만하였다. 운동선수군에서 비운동선수군에 비하여 분당 맥박수가 현저히 낮았으며 운동부하량에 따른 증가용도 낮았다. 이상의 결과에서 단기간의 절식은 운동부하전 및 운동부하시에 정상식이에 비하여 유리지방산의 이용을 증대시켰으며 또한 운동선수군에서의 혈중 유리지빙산, 글루코스 및 심박동수의 변화 양상이 절식시의 그것과 유사한 것으로 보아 단기간의 절식이 체력단련과 비슷한 효과를 가져오는 것으로 사료된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권9호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2021

Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) has emerged as a regulator of hepatic glucose, bile acid, and mitochondrial metabolism. However, the functional mechanism underlying the effect of LRH-1 on lipid mobilization has not been addressed. This study investigated the regulatory function of LRH-1 in lipid metabolism in maintaining a normal liver physiological state during fasting. The Lrh-1^f/f and LRH-1 liver-specific knockout (Lrh-1^LKO) mice were either fed or fasted for 24 h, and the liver and serum were isolated. The livers were used for qPCR, western blot, and histological analysis. Primary hepatocytes were isolated for immunocytochemistry assessments of lipids. During fasting, the Lrh-1^LKO mice showed increased accumulation of triglycerides in the liver compared to that in Lrh-1^f/f mice. Interestingly, in the Lrh-1^LKO liver, decreases in perilipin 5 (PLIN5) expression and genes involved in β-oxidation were observed. In addition, the LRH-1 agonist dialauroylphosphatidylcholine also enhanced PLIN5 expression in human cultured HepG2 cells. To identify new target genes of LRH-1, these findings directed us to analyze the Plin5 promoter sequence, which revealed -1620/-1614 to be a putative binding site for LRH-1. This was confirmed by promoter activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, fasted Lrh-1^f/f primary hepatocytes showed increased co-localization of PLIN5 in lipid droplets (LDs) compared to that in fasted Lrh-1^LKO primary hepatocytes. Overall, these findings suggest that PLIN5 might be a novel target of LRH-1 to mobilize LDs, protect the liver from lipid overload, and manage the cellular needs during fasting.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.207-219
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigate the ultrastructural alterations of the hepatocyte and bile canaliculus of the fasted mice with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The morphometry was also carried out for the caliber of the bile canaliculus and the number, length and thickness of the microvillus. The hepatocyte observed in the three day fasting group showed ultrastructural images of active function. The dilated bile canaliculi, especially of type II were increased in number as compared with those seen in the normal group. However, the hepatocyte observed in the six day fasting group showed ultrastructural images of inactive function. The bile canaliculi without dilation (type I) were increased in number. The number of microvilli were identical with one another among the different types of bile canaliculi, while their length and thickness were reduced in the dilated bile canaliculi. From the evidence, the luminal size of the bile canaliculi seems to be easily changeable according to the functional state of the hepatocyte. However, the microvilli may not be changed in number but may be changed length and thickness when the bile canaliculi are dilated.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2011

Introduction: This study examined the regulatory mechanism underlying the meal-induced changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis activity. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were hired for two different experiments as follows; 1) rats received either 8% sucrose or 0.2% saccharin ad libitum after 48 h of food deprivation with the gastric fistula closed (real feeding) or opened (sham feeding). 2). rats received 5 ml of intra-oral infusion with 0.2% saccharin or distilled water after 48 h of food deprivation. One hour after food access, all rats were sacrificed by a transcardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The brains were processed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry and the cardiac blood was collected for the plasma corticosterone assay. Results: Real feedings with sucrose or saccharin and sham feeding saccharin but not sucrose, following food deprivation decreased the plasma corticosterone level. c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus of solitarius (NTS) of the fasted rats was increased by the consumption of sucrose but not saccharin, regardless of the feeding method. On the other hand, the consumption of sucrose or saccharin with real feeding but not the sham, induced c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the fasted rats. The intra-oral infusion with saccharin or water decreased the plasma corticosterone level of the fasted rats. Intra-oral water infusion increased c-Fos expression in both the PVN and NTS, but saccharin only in the NTS in the fasted rats. Conclusion: Neither restoration of the fasting-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone nor the activation of neurons in the PVN and NTS after refeeding requires the palatability of food or the post-ingestive satiety and caloric load. In addition, neuronal activation in the hypothalamic PVN may not be an implication in the restoration of the fasting-induced elevation of the plasma corticosterone by oropharyngeal stimuli of palatable food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.267-270
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted to study the effects of a dark (06:00-12:00), light (12:00-18:00), dark (18:00-24:00), and light (00:00-06:00) cycle on the ruminating behavior of five fasting female goats. Rumination time and number of boli were not different in the dark and light periods of the fed state or in the second and third days of fasting. Ruminating time and number of boli increased in the dark (06:00-12:00) period compared to the light (12:00-18:00) period during the first day of fasting. Ruminating time was higher after the first day of fasting than the fed state, and decreased substantially after the first day of fasting than the fed state, and decreased substantially after the second and third days of fasting compared to the fed state or the first day of fasting. Number of boli/day was not different among the fed state, the second and third days of fasting but was higher after the first day fasting compared to the fed state.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1990

The reaction rates, duration times and neutralizing capacities of the antacids which are frequently used in Korean market and three different commercial combination products were evaluated in vitro by Fuchs method and Johnson-duncan method, respectively. In vivo tests of combination products were determined in the fasted state of rat by Aspiration method. Comparing the result of in vitro test with that of in vivo test, the maximal pH was lowered by 2-3 value and the durational time increased by two folds in vivo test. Each antacid composition and combination products from three phamaceutical companies (A, B, and C) were studied, respectively. The duration times measured by Fuchs method were double compared to those by Johnson-Duncan method. A and C preparation maintained the pH range from 3 to 7 for 60 min by Fuchs method. In vovo test, maximum pH of A, B and C preparation was 6.50, 3.65, 2.65 and duration time of those was 200, 500, 0 min, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1481-1490
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy (NE) content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB), corn germ meal (CGM), corn gluten feed (CGF), solvent-extracted peanut meal (PNM), and dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry or published prediction equations. Methods: Twelve growing barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of $32.4{\pm}3.3kg$ were allotted to a replicated $3{\times}6$ Youden square design with 3 successive periods and 6 diets. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 d, which included 7 days for adaptation. On d 8, the pigs were transferred to the respiration chambers and fed one of the 6 diets at 2.0 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/$kg\;BW^{0.6}/d$. Total feces and urine were collected and daily heat production was measured from d 9 to d 13. On d 14 and d15, pigs were fed at their maintenance energy requirement level. On the last day pigs were fasted and fasting heat production was measured. Results: The NE of FFRB, CGM, CGF, PNM, and SFM measured by indirect calorimetry method was 12.33, 8.75, 7.51, 10.79, and 6.49 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE/ME ratios ranged from 67.2% (SFM) to 78.5% (CGF). The NE values for the 5 ingredients calculated according to the prediction equations were 12.22, 8.55, 6.79, 10.51, and 6.17 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Conclusion: The NE values were the highest for FFRB and PNM and the lowest in the corn co-products and SFM. The average NE of the 5 ingredients measured by indirect calorimetry method in the current study was greater than values predicted from NE prediction equations (0.32 MJ/kg DM).

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine net energy (NE) of expeller-press (EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (SE-RSM) and to establish equations for predicting the NE in rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six barrows (initial body weight [BW], 41.1±2.2 kg) were allotted into 6 diets comprising a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 diets containing 19.50% RSM added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. The experiment had 6 periods and 6 replicate pigs per diet. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to diets. On day 8, pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed their respective diet at 2,000 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW0.6/d. Feces and urine were collected, and daily heat production was measured from day 9 to 13. On days 14 and 15, the pigs were fed at 890 kJ ME/kg BW0.6/d and fasted on day 16 for evaluation of fasting heat production (FHP). Results: The FHP of pigs averaged 790 kJ/kg BW0.6/d and was not affected by the diet composition. The NE values were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM for EP-RSM and SE-RSM, respectively. The NE value was positively correlated with gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), ME, and ether extract (EE). The best fit equation for NE of RSM was NE (MJ/kg DM) = 1.14×DE (MJ/kg DM)+0.46×crude protein (% of DM)-25.24 (n = 8, R2 = 0.96, p<0.01). The equation NE (MJ/kg DM) = 0.22×EE (% of DM)-0.79×ash (% of DM)+14.36 (n = 8, R2 = 0.77, p = 0.018) may be utilized to quickly determine the NE in RSM when DE or ME values are unavailable. Conclusion: The NE values of EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of RSM can be well predicted based on energy content (GE, DE, and ME) and proximate analysis.