• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2002

Regarding the dangers to soil, water and air, which come from current agricultural application measures for nitrogen, a sectoral approach for a non-polluting liquid manure utilization cannot be used any longer. Slurry was not any longer considered as a tiresome waste produced of animal husbandry, but as a valuable fertilizer. The goal of the largest possible utilization of slurry on the farm was and still is in the foreground, An Integrated system approach has to be found. leading to a drastic improvement of nutrient utilization and hence to a considerably reduced nutrient use. This can only be expected, if the organic manure can be applicated at times, when losses through leaching and volatilization can be minimized. The necessary investments for such concepts can clearly be reduced through cooperation.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.203-216
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• 1999

Recent public concern about air pollution caused by swine production facilities has forced to develop the methods to reduce and control the swine odors. Swine odors were affected the life of pig farm neighborhoods, swine productivity, pig health, diseases, and human right, safety, sanity as negatively. The first approaches of control of swine odors are the change or improve of the classical management systems, which are manure treatment method, manure storage facility, phase feeding, sex-divided feeding, feeder type, liquid-slurry feeding, environment control of swine building and dust control of indoor swine facility. The methods to control odor emission from manure have to include the diet modification as nutritional basis. In recent, research emphasis has focused on manipulating the swine diet to increase the nutrient utilization of the diet to reduce excretion products and reduction of odors. There are lots of feed additives and pit additives introduced as practical basis for reducing odor emissions. The ozone treatment method is candidate as the good system for reducing swine odor. But this system is still too expensive to practice in present.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1520-1532
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• 2020

Objective: Due to rapid economic return, mixed crop-swine farming systems in Korea have become more intensive. Intensive farming practices often cause nutrient surpluses and lead to environmental pollution. Nutrient budgets can be used to evaluate the environmental impact and as a regulatory policy instrument for nutrient management. This study was conducted to select a nutrient budgeting approach applicable to the mixed crop-swine farms in Korea and suggest an effective manure treatment method to reduce on-farm nutrient production. Methods: In this study, we compared current and ideal gross nutrient balance (GNB) approaches of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and soil system budget (SSB) approach with reference to on-farm manure treatment processes. Data obtained from farm census and published literature were used to develop the farm nutrient budgets. Results: The average nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surpluses were approximately 11 times and over 7 times respectively higher in the GNB approaches than the SSB. After solid-liquid separation of manure, during liquid composting a change in aeration method from intermittent to continuous reduced the N and P loading about 50% and 47%, respectively. Although changing in solid composting method from turning only to turning+aeration improved the N removal efficiency by 30.5%, not much improvement in P removal efficiency was observed. Conclusion: Although the GNB approaches depict the impact of nutrients produced in the mixed crop-swine farms on the overall agricultural environment, the SSB approach shows the partitioning among different nutrient loss pathways and storage of nutrients within the soil system; thus, can help design sustainable nutrient management plans for the mixed cropswine farms. The study also suggests that continuous aeration for liquid composting and turning+aeration for solid composting can reduce nutrient loading to the soil.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.223-230
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• 1994

고형(固形) 축산폐기물(畜産廢棄物)에 의한 농업환경(農業環境) 오염(汚染)을 줄이고 폐기물(廢棄物) 중에 함유된 식물(植物)에 유용한 양분물질(養分物質)의 효율적(效率的)인 재활용(再活用)을 위하여 중(中), 소규모(小規模) 양돈농가에서 비닐하우스 돈분(豚糞)건조발효 복합시설을 개발(開發)하여 적용 가능성과 효율을 구명하고자 농가 실증시험(實證試驗)을 수행하였다. 건조상(乾燥床)은 원형(圓形) 콘크리트 바닥형태를 적용하였고 돈분(豚糞)의 교반(攪拌)은 기계식(機械式) 교반기(攪拌機)를 이용하였으며 건조상(乾燥床)에서 수분이 감소된 돈분(豚糞)의 발효(醱酵)를 위하여 2조(組) 1식(式)의 송풍식(送風式) 발효상(醱酵床)으로 구성된 건조(乾燥), 발효시설(醱酵施設)에서 시험을 수행하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 기온(氣溫)이 높은 계절에는 기계식(機械式) 교반기(攪拌機)를 이용한 건조상(乾燥床)에서 최초투입(最初投入)되는 돈분(豚糞)의 수분함량이 70-80%였던 것이 건조상(乾燥床)을 통과하여 발효상(醱酵床)에 투입되는 단계에서의 분분(糞糞) 수분함양(水分含量)은 발효(醱酵)에 적합한 45-65%에 달하였으나 기온(氣溫)이 낮아질수록 건조상(乾燥床)에서의 교반(攪拌)에 의한 수분제거률(水分除去率)이 감소되었다. 돈분건조시(豚糞乾燥時) 수분조절제(水分調節劑)로 이미 건조(乾燥)된 돈분(豚糞)을 부재료(副材料)로 사용하였을 때 수분감소률(水分減少率)은 52.1%로 생돈분(生豚糞)만을 건조(乾燥)하였을 때에 수분감소율(水分減少率) 19.7%에 비하여 수분제거(水分除去) 효과(效果)는 32.4% 증가(增加)한 결과(結果)를 보였다. 생돈분(生豚糞)과 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞) 간의 건조기간(乾燥期間) 경과(經過)에 따른 돈분(豚糞) 중 화학성분(化學成分) 함량간(含量間)에는 큰 차이가 없이 유사(類似)한 경향을 보였으며 $P_2O_5$ 함양(含量)은 생돈분(生豚糞)에 비하여 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞)에서 경미(輕微)하게 높은 경향을 보였다. 그리고 생돈분(生豚糞)과 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞) 중 무기성분(無機成分) 함량(含量)도 큰 차이가 없었으며 성분별(成分別)로 볼때 CaO가 가장 높았고 다음이 $K_2O$, MgO, $Na_2O$였다. 돈분(豚糞)을 건조(乾燥)함에 따른 미생물(微生物) 밀도(密度)는 생돈분(生豚糞)에 비하여 건조돈분(乾燥豚糞)에서 E. coli 141.9배(倍) 그리고 Streptococci는 236.2배(倍)가 감소(減少)하였다. 돈분(豚糞) 건조(乾燥), 발효복합시설(醱酵複合施設)의 총비용(總費用)은 4,185,630원이었으며 본(本) 건조시설운용비(乾燥施設運用費)는 190,000원/년으(年)로 두당(頭當) 건조시설(乾燥施設) 관리 소요경비(所要經費)는 985원(200두(頭) 기준(基準))였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2013

For organic farming, green manure crops such as leguminous forages and barley have been broadly used to improve soil fertility and soil physical and chemical properties by repeatedly cutting and mulching them directly as winter crop in the field in the rotation. In this investigation we selected 78 agricultural farm corporations as well as individual organic farmhouses related to crop rotation from greenmanure crops to main crops in order to analyze the relationship of cropping system between main crops and green manure crops. The results showed that the green manure crops were divided into two groups as leguminous and nonleguminous crops, representing that those are limited to specific climate and farming systems of regions. Also the 10 or less green manure crops including sudangrass, hairyvetch, italian ryegrass, sorghun, buckwheat, oat, pea, rye, clover, and canola which belong to leguminous crops which are presently cultivated from the organic farmhouses within the rotational crop system. We also confirmed that the major main crops are sweet potato, soybean, corn, tobacco, spinach from usage frequency analyzed by NetMiner H 2.6 which was used to estimate the rotational cropping system among the green manure crops and main crops.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2009

Crop-livestock mixed farming systems depend on the efficiency with which nutrients are conserved and recycled. Home-grown forage is used as animal feed and animal excretions are applied to cultivated crop lands as manure. The objective of this study was to develop a mixed farming system model for dairy cattle in Japan. The model consisted of four sub-models: the nutrient requirement model, based on the Japanese Feeding Standards to determine requirements for energy, crude protein, dry matter intake, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A; the optimum diet formulation model for determining the optimum diets that satisfy nutrient requirements at lowest cost, using linear programming; the herd dynamic model to calculate the numbers of cows in each reproductive cycle; and the whole farm optimization model to evaluate whole farm management from economic and environmental viewpoints and to optimize strategies for the target farm or system. To examine the model' validity, its predictions were compared against best practices for dairy farm management. Sensitivity analyses indicated that higher yielding cows lead to better economic results but higher emvironmental load in dairy cattle systems integrated with forage crop production.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2022

화학비료 처리구가 한우퇴비 처리구보다 출웅기는 2일, 출사기는 4일정도 빨랐다. 초장은 생육초기에는 화학비료 처리구가 가장 길었으나 생육후기(정식 55일차)에는 한우퇴비 처리구가 화학비료 처리구보다 초장이 길었다. 이는 화학비료 처리구가 한우퇴비 처리구보다 출사기가 빨라 화학비료 처리구의 생장기간이 한우퇴비 처리구보다 짧았기 때문에 나타난 현상으로 보인다. 수확 후 이삭길이는 한우퇴비 시용 처리구에서 가장 길었으며, 이삭 직경, 이삭무게, 백립중의 경우에는 화학비료 처리구와 한우퇴비 시용 처리구가 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 종합적으로 한우퇴비 시용 시 이삭길이의 경우에는 한우퇴비 시용하는 것이 더 길었으며, 이삭무게와 백립중은 화학비료 시용 시와 큰 차이를 보이지 않아 한우퇴비가 화학비료를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1805-1811
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to estimate the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane ($CH_4$), nitrous oxide ($N_2O$), and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from poultry and pig production in South Korea over the last 10 years (2005 through 2014). The calculations of GHG emissions were based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Over the study period, the $CH_4$ emission from manure management decreased in layer chickens, nursery to finishing pigs and gestating to lactating sows, but there was a gradual increase in $CH_4$ emission from broiler chickens and male breeding pigs. Both sows and nursery to finishing pigs were associated with greater emissions from enteric fermentation than the boars, especially in 2009. Layer chickens produced lower direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from 2009 to 2014, whereas the average direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions from manure management for broiler chickens were 12.48 and $4.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. Annual direct and indirect $N_2O$ emissions for broiler chickens tended to decrease in 2014. Average $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy uses for broiler and layer chickens were 46.62 and $136.56Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$, respectively. For pig sectors, the $N_2O$ emission from direct and indirect sources gradually increased, but they decreased for breeding pigs. Carbon dioxide emission from direct on-farm energy uses reached a maximum of $53.93Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$ in 2009, but this total gradually declined in 2010 and 2011. For boars, the greatest $CO_2$ emission occurred in 2012 and was $9.44Gg\;CO_2-eq/yr$. Indirect $N_2O$ emission was the largest component of GHG emissions in broilers. In layer chickens, the largest contributing factor to GHG emissions was $CO_2$ from direct on-farm energy uses. For pig production, the largest component of GHG emissions was $CH_4$ from manure management, followed by $CO_2$ emission from direct on-farm energy use and $CH_4$ enteric fermentation emission, which accounted for 8.47, 2.85, and $2.82Gg-CO_2/yr$, respectively. The greatest GHG emission intensity occurred in female breeding sows relative to boars. Overall, it is an important issue for the poultry and pig industry of South Korea to reduce GHG emissions with the effective approaches for the sustainability of agricultural practices.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2011

본 연구는 한우, 젖소, 돼지, 산란계 HACCP 적용 농장의 분변, 원유 및 사육환경에서 병원성세균 등 분석을 통하여 HACCP 적용 농장의 생물학적 위해 관리 실태를 파악하고자 하고 이를 농장 HACCP 시스템 적용에 관한 기초 연구 자료로 사용하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 미생물 시료는 HACCP을 적용 중인 한우, 젖소, 돼지, 산란계농장의 축사바닥분뇨, 퇴비사, 원유탱크, 집란기, 분변 벨트 등에서 채취 하였으며 축산식품의 생물학적 위해인 Pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella spp. S. aureus 등을 분석하였다. 각 축종별 대장균은 분변에서 100% 검출되었으나 Salmonella spp.는 검출되지 않았다. 또한 젖소농장의 원유 냉각기에서도 S. aurues가 검출되지 않았다. 그러나 돼지농장의 돈사바닥 및 퇴비장에서는 검사건수 30건당 각각 2건, 1건의 Salmonella spp.가 검출되었다. 마찬가지로 산란계농장의 계사바닥 및 분변벨트에서도 전체분석 건수 대비 10~20%의 Salmonella spp.가 검출되었다. 이러한 결과는 문헌상 보고되고 있는 일반축산농가의 병원성세균 관리실태와 간접 비교하였을 경우 HACCP 시스템을 적용중인 축산농가에서의 일반축산농가보다 병원성 세균관리가 더욱 철저히 이루어지고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.215-219
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• 1999

This study aims to make detail examination of smallholder dairy farming systems in the Nongpho Dairy Cooperative. Forty-three dairy farms were selected from three geographical areas i.e. irrigated area, municipality area, and factory area. Within each area some number of sample farms were selected from each of the three levels of farm and animal crowdedness (very crowded, crowded, and not crowded farms). Detail data were collected during 1996 to 1997, they were socio-economic conditions of the sample farms and farmers, dairy production systems and management of resources (animals, bam, feeds, stocking rates, herd structure, animal body conditions, milk yield and milk quality, manure and farm wastes management, and other related items). Detail information useful for the improvement of farm production efficiency were discussed. It was very clear that much improvement of smallholder dairy production can be achieved if the recommendations given by this study were implemented.