• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.11 no.12
• /
• pp.245-256
• /
• 2013

This study illustrates factors that determine consumer types based on ways in which they alternate between online and offline channels for searching and eventually buying their desired products. This study conducted an online survey targeting 1,040 consumers. As per the study, consumer types fall into five groups: 1) on-on type(online search${\rightarrow}$online buying), 2) off-off type(offline search${\rightarrow}$offline buying), 3) on-off type(online search${\rightarrow}$offline buying), 4) off-on type(offline search${\rightarrow}$online buying), and, 5) on-off-on type(online search${\rightarrow}$ offline search${\rightarrow}$nline buying). The primary factors that determine how the different consumer types switch between online and offline channels are price orientation, convenience orientation,, risk-aversion orientation, and channel familiarity. Although they feel cross-channel shopping can be cumbersome, the findings show that cross-channel consumers would gladly switch channels to buy cheaper and proven products. The findings of this study will be useful for businesses that have both online and offline channels and point out the theoretical aspects of the decision-making process as consumers switch between channels.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.23
• /
• pp.10263-10266
• /
• 2015

Background: The risk of febrile neutropaenia (FN) and treatment related death (TRD) with first line palliative chemotherapy for de novo metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains unknown outside of a clinical trial setting despite its widespread usage. This study aimed to determine rates in a large cohort of patients treated in the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Materials and Methods: Patients who were treated with first line palliative chemotherapy for de novo MBC from 2002-2011 in UMMC were identified from the UMMC Breast Cancer Registry. Information collected included patient demographics, histopathological features, treatment received, including the different chemotherapy regimens, and presence of FN and TRD. FN was defined as an oral temperature > $38.5^{\circ}C$ or two consecutive readings of > $38.0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and an absolute neutrophil count < $0.5{\times}10^9/L$, or expected to fall below $0.5{\times}10^9/L$ (de Naurois et al, 2010). TRD was defined as death occurring during or within 30 days of the last chemotherapy treatment, as a consequence of the chemotherapy treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 18.0 software. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences in survival compared using log-rank test. Results: Between $1^{st}$ January 2002 and $31^{st}$ December 2011, 424 patients with MBC were treated in UMMC. A total of 186 out of 221 patients with de novo MBC who received first line palliative chemotherapy were analyzed. The mean age of patients in this study was 49.5 years (range 24 to 74 years). Biologically, ER status was negative in 54.4% of patients and Her-2 status was positive in 31.1%. A 5-flourouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) chemotherapy regimen was chosen for 86.6% of the cases. Most patients had multiple metastatic sites (58.6%). The main result of this study showed a FN rate of 5.9% and TRD rate of 3.2%. The median survival (MS) for the entire cohort was 19 months. For those with multiple metastatic sites, liver only, lung only, bone only and brain only metastatic sites, the MS was 18, 24, 19, 24 and 8 months respectively (p-value= 0.319). Conclusions: In conclusion, we surmise that FEC is a safe regimen with acceptable FN and TRD rates for de novo MBC.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.265-271
• /
• 2008

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of unintentional injuries in Korean daily life and to describe the pattern of unintentional injuries. Methods: The study population was the people who used the National Health Insurance because of injuries (ICD code: S00$\sim$T98) during 2006. The stratified sample according to gender, age and the severity of injury (NISS, New Injury Severity Score) was randomly selected. The questions on the questionnaire were developed as a reference for an international classification tool (ICECI, International Classification of External Causes of Injury). The questions included the locations of injury, the mechanisms of injury and the results of injury. Moreover, we used age, gender, region and income variables for analysis. Results: The CIR of unintentional injuries that occurred in daily life for 1 year per 100,000 persons was 17,606, and the CIR of severe injuries was 286. Many injuries were occurred at home (29.6%), public places (19.0%), school (13.7%) and near home (12.0%). The major mechanisms of injuries were slipping (48.8%), contact (14.0%), physical over-exertion (13.8%), and fall (6.6%). Infants and old aged people were vulnerable to injuries, and those who lived rural area and who were in a low income level were vulnerable too. Conclusions: We signified the risk groups and risk settings of unintentional injuries in Korean daily life. These results could contribute to establishing strategies for injury prevention and implementing these strategies.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.29-62
• /
• 2007

We examine the methods to increase MBS values given parameters of default risks of individual mortgages and their correlation, and analyze the effects of these parameters on the efficiency of the methods. First, the values of MBS can be improved when they are comprised of low-correlation mortgages regardless of specific forms of investors' utility functions. Second, the values of MBS can also be raised even after their components mortgages are determined. More specifically, when investors' utilities are heterogeneous, CMO's of a less risky tranche and a riskier tranche are highly valued compared with pass-through securities of two identical tranches. When investors' utilities are homogeneous(risk averse), however, the latter meets the needs of investors better than the former does. Third, it can be shown that the efficiency of the methods in this paper is an increasing function of default risks of mortgage loans or of the correlation between them, and a decreasing function of the amount of the price fall of MBS when in default.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.241-247
• /
• 2016

The trawl fishery is an important fishery accounting for around 30.0% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore trawler was conducted to serve as basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) from 2012 to 2014 (n=464). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of large powered trawl fishery was 241.4‰ in east sea trawl fishery, 6.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have very serious level management to 97.7‱ in east sea trawl fishery of death at 6.2 times. The accident occurred in 91.7 to 100.0% was happened at sea. The slipping, others and struck by object and son on occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred more frequently while death and missing risk was not high. The fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to help identify and assess safety hazard occurred in offshore trawlers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.188-194
• /
• 2015

The powered purse seine fishery is an important fishery accounting for 19.4% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore large powered purse seiner was conducted to serve as a basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) in 2013 (n=583). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of this fishery was 182.6‰ in all industries 30.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have a very serious level management to 25.1‰ in all industries of death of 17.5 times. The accident occurred in 72.3 to 85.8% was happened at sea. The others, slipping and struck by object etc occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred frequently higher while death and missing risk was not high. And the contact with fishing gear and fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to contribute for identification and assessment of safety hazard occurred in offshore large powered purse seiners.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.1129-1135
• /
• 2015

The stow net is a stationary gear made from netting, usually in shape like trawl net without wings. The nets are fixed by means of anchors, placed according to the direction and strength of the current. And the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard factors analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore stow nets vessel was conducted to serve as a basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) from 2012 to 2014 (n=1,144). As a result, the average occupational accident occurrence rate of this fishery was 206.9‰ in all industries 36.9 times the rate of that. In addition, average death and missing rate was found to have a very serious level management to 50.4‰ in all industries of death of 42.0 times. The accident occurred in 84.5 to 94.6% was happened at sea. The struck by object, slipping, contact with machinery, contact by object or gear and others occurred more frequently in order on the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred frequently higher while death and missing risk was not high. And the contact with fishing gear and fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to contribute for identification and assessment of safety hazard occurred in offshore stow nets vessel.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.11 no.7
• /
• pp.2719-2726
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the scientific basic grounds for the assessment of health and environmental diseases resulting from air pollutants in Pohang. For this study, we investigated pollutants, weather characteristics and concentration distribution of fine particles ($PM_10$) yearly and each season, using data from Air Quality Monitoring Stations. The properties of concentration distribution and seasonal fluctuation of $PM_10$ were studied qualitatively and quantitatively using CALPUFF, air dispersion model. The average concentration of $PM_10$ for each season was spring($75.7{\mu}g/m^3$)>summer($56.8{\mu}g/m^3$)>winter($53.6{\mu}g/m^3$)>fall( $52.7{\mu}g/m^3$). In the case of spring, high concentrations appear due to the Asian dust frequently occurring. The contributions of $PM_10$ classified by the types of pollution source in Pohang were point source 62%>mobile source 33%>area source 5%. An important point is that 97% of emissions were produced from the iron manufacture in steel industry. Therefore, it is necessary to control the emission sources of pollutants and to construct an observation system at Pohang steel industrial complex from now on. It’s time to control the risk factors for health and environmental disease to protect the health of resident in Pohang and its neighboring areas.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
• /
• 2004.06a
• /
• pp.324-326
• /
• 2004

20세기 말까지만 해도 경제발전은 자원고갈과 자연환경파괴를 통한 대량생산 및 대량소비를 전제로 하여 이루어 졌다고 평가할 수 있다. 그 결과 세계의 자연환경은 급속히 훼손되었으며, 환경오염은 이제 인류의 생존을 위협하는 단계에 이르렀다. 이 같은 위기상황에 대처하기 위하여 지난 1980년대부터 선진국을 중심으로 환경경영에 대한 인식이 확산되기 시작하였다. 무엇보다도 자연환경 의 보존을 요구하는 사회적 압력은 기업으로 하여금 환경경영 의 필요성을 깨닫게 하였다. 환경 경영이란 기업들이 새로운 비교 우위를 창출하기 위하여 경 영 방식의 혁신에 있어서 자연환경을 초점으로 삼는 것이다. 환경경영이란 환경보전을 요구하는 이해 관계자들로부터의 요구에 기업이 이에 적극적으로 대응함으로써 한경보호와 경영성과를 동시에 달성하는 종합적인 경영을 의미한다. 환경경영은 이업의 전 활동에 걸친 전사적인 전략적 차원의 활동으로 기업경영이 어느 한 기능분야에 국한된 개념이 아니다. 궁극적으로 환경보호와 성장의 조화라는 기업의 목표달성을 위해 기업의 생산, 재무, 인사조직, 마케팅, 회계정보시스템등의 활동이 모두 통합되어야 할 것이다. (김종대, 이의훈:2003) 최근 들어 환경경영이 기업의 가치에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 활발히 전개되고 있는 가운데 선진국의 경우 기업의 가치가 대체적으로 정확하게 주가에 반영되고 있는 가운데 선진국의 경우 기업의 가치가 대체적으로 정확하게 주가에 반영되고 있어 우리기업들이게 시사하는 바가 크다 하겠다. 환경경영과 기업가치와의 상관관계를 조사한 연구결과에 따르면 우수한 환경경영을 실천하고 있는 기업의 주식을 중심으로 포트폴리오를 구성한 펀드의 수익율이 상대적으로 높게 나타나고 있어 환경경영의 중요성을 뒷받침하고 있다. 이를 위하여 본 논문은 우선적으로 기업의 환경경영에 기본이 되는 중요한 환경경제 유인정 책과 규제들을 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다.학적 합성이 아주 까다로운 약제물질 등을 천연상태에서 합성하고 있기 때문이다. 또 식물은 lipoxygenase 효소계가 있어서 마치 천연물 석유제조공장과 같은 제조공정 capacity를 가지고 있다. 그러면 식물/식품 GMO는 안전한 것인가? 아니, KBS의 한 사회자가 말했듯이, 그리고 많은 소비자들이 믿는 것처럼 GMO는 위험한가? GMO에 대한 일반 사람들의 공포감은 Green Peace 당원들뿐만 아니라 일부 과학자들에 의해서도 조장되고 있다. 이러한 분위기 속에서 GMO에 의한 제2 녹색혁명은 Africa 대륙에서의 제1 녹색혁명이 지금도 지연되는 것과 같다고도 볼 수 있다. GMO의 환경에 대한 악영향은 과대 선전되어있는 것이 아닌가? 마치 GMO가 화학비료, 농약제보다 더 위험하다고 믿는 사람들도 많다. 나는 이러한 GMO 공포증이 과학적으로 그리고 "Risk Assessment"의 견지에서 볼 때 그 근거가 희박하다고 보여주는 몇 몇 실험 및 경험 사실들을 인용하려 한다. 그리고 올바른 Risk Assessment야 말로 한국의 21세기 BT 산업을 경쟁력 있게 하고 국민 년 소득 2만불 달성에 중요한 기여를 하게 될 것이라고 생각한다. 한국은 농토가 적고 천연자원이 빈약하다. GMO는 21세기의 생존 경쟁 산업이다. 제2의 녹색혁명은 얼마든지 가능하며, 한국은 부족한 농토와 빈약한 자원에도 불구하고 능력 있는 인적자원이 풍부하여 GMO 개발 연구에 국제적 경쟁력을 키울 수 있다. 그러나 GMO에 대한 논쟁만 하고 있으면 이미 때가 늦는다. 미국은 이미 GMO-BT 시장을 거의 완전 독점했으며, 타국에서의 논쟁과 불합리적으로 엄격한 GMO 관련 규정을 조장하고 환영한다.이상의 결과와 같이 인삼 saponin 성분들은 arachidonic acid로부터 cyclooxygenase를 통해 일단 생성된 endoperoxide에서 각각의 prostagland

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2015

More than 70 percent of the Korean territory consists of mountain area so development of mountain district is essential to urbanize continuously. Thus, technological developments for risk factors and standards and manuals must be needed to prevent mountain disaster. Risk Management Manual should be made and operated in government legislation related to national disaster, but there is still no Emergency Management Standard Manual and Emergency Response-Practical Manual to prevent mountain disaster. This study suggests the improvement plans that are legislated but not established cleary in the field of disaster in urban area. The main items are like as 1) adaptable standard and practical manual to prevent mountain disaster in urban area, 2) reinforcement between managing department and interagency vertically and horizontally in central and local government organization, 3) Personal SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) not EOP (Emergency Operation Plan), 4) considering 13 items selected by Ministry of Public Safety and Security, 5) schematization with personal action plan, 6) check list to do in the event of mountain disaster, and 7) regular practice per quarter.